SOME LINaUISTIC EVIDENCE REGARDING ITS DATE. 229 



databari, ustarbari, uzbarra, pitipabaga, etc. Herodotus tells us 

 that Gyges of Lydia struck coins about the seventh century b.c. 

 These were used in Babylonia and Persia. Specimens exist of 

 staters struck in Sidon bearing a Persian king in a chariot. 

 The Greek word here quoted from P. 13468, line 12, occurs also in 

 P. 13476, line 4. 



(28) pro : P. 13490, lines 8, 9, 13 : evidently the Ionic 

 Gk. klOcov , Attic ^trcui'. Herodotus says the Persians and 

 Medes in Xerxes' army wore chitons (Herod, vii, 61, 62). 



(29) s^D'TlD : the Av. paiti-pd (like Skt. pratipa) means 

 *' against the current " ; in Skt. comes the sense of " adversary." 



(30) I^TJl*'^^^ : vocalisation perhaps abigadan or abigeden, 

 from Ach. abi, Av. aiwi, aivi, against, and root gad, to ask, 

 demand, is from the context = to penalty fixed for breach of 

 agreement. That the Persian element in Aram, in the papyri, 

 (as in Biblical Aram.) is in the Achsemenian dialect is clear from, 

 e.g., the Ach. abi in contrast with the Avestic aiwi, aim (P. 13466, 

 line 6). 



(31) ri'^riwH : from Han, ham, together, and Gaetha, family, 

 Av., of the same family, relative. 



(32) b^pD.in : from han and baga, Ach., bagha, Av. share, 

 lot, or bagha, part, portion, hence the word means partner. 

 The sense is clear also from the equivalent genuine Aram, phrase 

 in line 5 : " Bar li wa barah li, akh wa akhah iT, qarib wa 

 rakhlq " ; a son of mine and a daughter of mine, a brother 

 and sister of mine, a relative and a stranger. (The use of qof 

 to represent the sound of gh, called ghain in Arabic, is note- 

 worthy, because (1) in the single Aram, verse in Jeremiah x, 11, 

 we find the word for earth* written both t^p*^!!^ and ; and 

 (2) in Persia to the present day the same letters are sometimes 

 interchanged with one another. E.g., dghd and dqd have to a 

 Persian ear the same sound, though not in Arabic. (Native 

 Persian scholars have assured me that they can detect no 

 difference in the sounds of q and gh in Persian.) 



(33) plDt : whatever the word may mean, it seems to be 

 derived from Av. zafar, mouth (of a demonic being), and gan, 

 to smite, slay. (Probably name of a grain.) 



In the language of Daniel (and Ezra), besides the Persian 

 "words which we have commented on, there i^ a small number 



* So, too, in Eg. -Aram, papyri. 



