SOME LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE REGARDING ITS DATE. 231 



(12) pD : Bab. sagnu, Ass. Shaknu, deputy, prefect, 

 governor ; root shakanu, to put, place, set ; do, make. 



(13) ' Bab. adannu, fixed, appointed ; stated time. 



(14) : perhaps from Bab. upu, cloud ; apu, reed ; foliage 

 in Dan. iv, 9, 11, 18. 



(15) nnD : Bab. pakhatu, prefecture ; pikbatu, satrap ; 

 root pikhu, to control, command. 



(16) ^rtsD : Bab. pakhkharu, a potter. 



(17) hw ' not from Ass. Shigreti, " harem-women " (Haupt), 

 but from Sumerian ushum-gallu (so in Ass. form), ushe-gal, 

 from iish, serpent, and gal, great {cf. Egyptian uraeus, placed 

 in effigy on Pharaoh's head*) : [or from esh, house, and gal, 

 great house, palace, hence monarch {cf. Pharaoh (per and 'ad, 

 great double house, monarch).] Whichever the etymology, 

 in Ass. -Bab. ushum-gallu means " vehement, sovereign, serpent, 

 dragon" (Hommel,f Jensen, Pinches, Muss-Arnolt). Hence 

 the etymology seems clear. The word shegdl, introduced into 

 Heb. and Aram, assumed the meaning of " Feminine monarch," 

 hence " Queen consort." So in modern Persian the word 

 khdnumim Turkish literally "my lord ") has come to mean "lady." 



(18) irt;) : from Bab. Shilzubu, to deliver, save, Shaphel of 

 Ezebu, to leave, forsake, cease. 



(19) : from Bab. shusu, Shaphel of asu, to come out, 

 go out, Heb. ^^I^*' : hence sheysey means to complete, end, 

 finish. 



These are the principal Babylonian (Assyrian) words used in 

 Daniel. There are also a few words of unknown origin and 

 meaning, to wit : — Petish, Dakhawan, and the proper name 

 Ashpenaz. (We omit the Greek words avfKpcovla, -^dkrrjpiov 

 and KiOapi^.) Taking these in the above order, we have (with 

 suffix of 3rd pi.) in the Kthib both pattisheyhon and ptisheyhon ; 

 in the Qri ptsheyhon, which is used in some MSS. in both Kthib 

 and Qri. The LXX render (perhaps) by tiaras, Theodotion 

 by leggings. Evidently the meaning was unknown to both, as 

 it still is. The etymology is not known. Nor is this surprising. 



* Dr. Pinches doubts this etymology because of the accent falUng on 

 the first syllable of {tshum gallu. 



t The word occurs several times in Cooke's Glossary of Aramaic 

 Inscriptions. Vide Hommel's Sumerische LesestUcke, p. 127. 



