242 REV. W. ST. CLAIR TISDALL, D.D., ON THE BOOK OF DANIEL : 



(^T^) and so too in the papyri ; but in the later Aramaic it 

 becomes -dey (*'^"). Hence in Dan. iii, 2, the Kthib has 

 Tiphtaye {^^['.il^ri), as in line 4 of Section B of the Strassburg 

 Papyrus (there written t^"ir\D*^n)5 while the Qri has tiphtdey, 

 in accordance with later idiom. Instances of this kind are very 

 numerous. In Daniel the termination n is often used where 

 later usage prefers the easier sound So, too, the shin is 

 preferred to samech in the word though in later works 



the samech always takes the place of the rougher shm : — sm 

 (IT), being put into the older books to represent the transition 

 stage in this word. In Daniel the 2nd pi. masc. suffixed pers. 

 pronoun assumes in the Kthlb the form -dyk ; and so too in 

 the papyri ; but in the Qri we find, as in the Targums and later 

 Aramaic, the form -dk (^l). The 2nd sing. masc. pronoun, 

 thou, is in the ordinary language ant, and is so written in the 

 papyri, but in Daniel the longer and older form antdh (Hjn^i^l) 

 occurs, which must be an earlier form, judging by the form of 

 the word in Arabic. The verb in Biblical Aramaic has long 

 been admitted to preserve conjugations* which became either 

 entirely obsolete or at least very rare in later Aramaic, both 

 Eastern and Western. Thus we find the causative Haphel 

 instead of Aphel, forming a connecting link between the latter 

 and the older Shaphel, common in Babylonian, and in Daniel 

 represented by two verbs. Iptp ^^'^^^^S borrowed directly 

 from the Babylonian. So, too, Daniel often uses Hithpeal and 

 Hithpaal instead of the later Ithpeal and Ithpaal respectively ; 

 Hophal occurs some ten or eleven times, though very rarely 

 in what might be called classical Aramaic. However, it is 

 occasionally found in Nabathaean inscriptions. All this is 

 true of the verbal forms in use in the papyri also. Perhaps 

 the only construction found in Daniel and not (with two possible 

 exceptions )■}" in the papyri is the future with preformative I. 

 But this is doubtless due to the use of the prefix lu used in 

 Babylonian. In the later Aramaic this I, except in " the lan- 

 guage of legal style, in some ancient proverbs, and in all standing 

 expressions " (Levias, Aramaic Grammar, p. 68), more commonly 



* In Daniel and in the papyri, for instance, we find the conjugation 

 Hanphel with verbs commencing with V, such as ^^y. Vide Dan. ii, 21 ; 

 iv, 3. 



t Vide ^^n'? 13496, line 7, and P. 13467, line 6. 



