THE WALLS OF JERUSALEM AT VARIOUS PERIODS. 129 



David. Before leaving the southern wall one must mention 

 that that part of it which forms the southern boundary of the 

 Haram shows still the single, the double and the triple gates 

 which once led from the crowded lower city (upon the hill to the 

 south, the ancient of Zion) into the temple itself. 



The lines of the existing western, northern and eastern walls 

 are all more or less upon those of more ancient city walls, as is 

 shown by buried foundations and by the patched conditions of 

 many parts of the wall, but to the south the direction of the 

 walls has greatly varied through the ages, and the position of 

 the present wall is so peculiar and so unsuited to the require- 

 ments of ancient warfare that it requires some explanation. 

 This I shall hope to give at the conclusion of the lecture. 



I must now very briefly refer to the results of the very con- 

 siderable archaeological excavations which have been made to 

 ascertain the lie of the ancient walls. 



During 1867-1870 Captain (now Lieut. -General Sir Charles) 

 Warren, K.E., made some extraordinarily difficult and im.portant 

 excavations. Near the south-eastern corner of the temple 

 area (the south-east corner of the present city walls) he sunk a 

 shaft to a depth of 80 feet from which he ran tunnels to the 

 foundations of the existing wall. This work is familiar to all 

 the readers of the Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Explora- 

 tion Fund, as it is depicted upon the cover. These galleries — 

 run, I may mention, under great difficulty and no little hazard — 

 excited great interest because upon the great stones thus un- 

 covered were found certain Phoenician niarks which were supposed 

 at the time to establish these foundations to be the work of 

 King Solomon. It is now generally accepted that these were 

 simply masons' marks, and this great wall can now, I think, 

 be proved to be the work of Herod the Great, who enlarged the 

 temple enclosure in order to make his temple far more grand 

 and magnificent than the two previous temples. If any remains 

 of Solom.on's original work exist they are now buried beneath 

 the present Haram or temple enclosure. At a spot further to 

 the north, where the St. Anne's Valley runs out to the Kidron 

 Valley, Warren found that the foundations were actually 120 

 feet below the present surface. Near the south-western angle 

 of the temple enclosure Warren made investigations near the 

 spring of the arch known as " Robinson's Arch." He demon- 

 strated the existence of the pier upon which the other side of 

 the arch — which had a span of 50 feet — ^had rested, and between 



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