THE WALLS OF JERUSALEM AT VARIOUS PERIODS. 131 



When in 1894-1897 Messrs. Bliss and Dickie commenced their 

 important excavations they discovered that this scarp ended in 

 another tower. From this tower they found that the wall, at 

 different periods, ran in two directions, one north-east towards 

 a mass of masonry near the present southern wall of the city, 

 known as Burj el Kebrit, the other more important line of wall 

 ran south-east along the edge of the Valley of Hinnom in the 

 direction of the Pool of Siloam. This latter line showed wall 

 foundations belonging to four or more periods, enclosing a 

 great area of ground now given over almost entirely to cultivation. 

 Upon the earliest of these walls we found towers similar to 

 those found by Warren on " Ophel." 



In what is now part of the Anglo-German cemetery was found 

 the remains of a gate some 8 feet wide, which showed evidence 

 of reconstruction at least four times. It is generally accepted 

 that this is the " Gate of the Gai " (or Valley) of Neh. iii, 13. 

 A second great city gate was found some 200 feet south of the 

 Birket el Hanira (the so-called " Lower Pool of Siloam ") at 

 what must have been the southernmost part of the city wall. 

 This, too, showed reconstruction at at least three periods. The 

 gate gave access to the great main street running down the 

 Tyropcean, beneath which ran a great drain, which probably 

 traversed the whole of the great central valley. Here we probably 

 have the " Dung Gate " of Neh. iii, 13. A little to the north a 

 great dam was discovered rising some 50 feet from the bottom 

 of the valley where it enters the Kidron. This massive wall 

 now dams the mouth of the valley and produces the Birket el 

 Hamra. The road across the valley mouth now runs along 

 this dam, but it is clear that originally it was constructed to 

 carry the city wall across the valley. There is evidence, how- 

 ever, that at some periods the wall encircled the Pool of Siloam, 

 leaving the pool itself outside the walls, though in close proximity 

 to them on the west, north and east. Bliss was able to trace 

 the wall by various rock scarps and a few scattered stones in 

 situ up on to the hill " Ophel " in the direction of, but not quite 

 as far as, the southern termination of Warren's wall. 



This is the merest sketch of the important work here done 

 time will not permit of more. 



I must now briefly give you the summary of the results and 

 the conclusions we have come to as to the general position of the 

 walls at various periods. 



I have already referred to the opmion that the city of the 



