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sary judgment, when he says,— All other modes of conscious- 

 ness are derivable from experiences of force ; but experiences of 

 force are not derivable from anything else/'' So far from this 

 being the fact, experiences of force are not modes of con- 

 sciousness at all : consciousness of power is one of its modes ; 

 but this precedes judgments in reference to " space, time, 

 matter, and motion,^^ and is not derived from them. He is 

 nearer the mark when he says that " Force, as we know it, can 

 be regarded only as a certain conditioned effect of the uncon- 

 ditioned cause/^ As a power of matter it is conditioned by 

 the laws of matter ; that is, by the rule of action of a volun- 

 tarily conditioned, but absolutely unconditioned lawgiver, or 

 first cause. When these conditions are supplied, the power is 

 exerted; when they are withheld, the power remains un- 

 exerted. 



16. The next fallacy we meet with in this investigation is that 

 force and motion are the same,— that the terms may be used 

 indiscriminately. Light, heat, electricity, &c., are called 

 physical forces ; but they are also called modes of motion. 

 This is too evidently the general teaching of the present day to 

 need either proof or illustration. But it is fallacious ; because, 

 although force is a condition of motion, it cannot be resolved 

 into motion. Force and motion are equally conditional. The 

 original condition of force is volition ; the condition of motion 

 is force; but the conditions of a phenomenon must not be 

 confounded with the phenomenon itself. This, however, is one 

 of the commonest errors of our present physicists. For example, 

 Mr, Grove says that " Sound is motion ;'^ but, as Mr. Moore well 

 points out, ^' Sound is not motion, but sound. A logical defini- 

 tion of sound is impossible. Mr. Grove forgets that each thing 

 is itself, and not something else. We allow that the vibration 

 of a sounding-board is a constituted condition of the existence 

 of sound. We also admit that the undulations of the atmo- 

 sphere, or of some other medium, are necessary to our percep- 

 tion of sound.^^ But we are as fully justified in asserting that 

 the form of the undulation is sound as that the motion is. 

 Motion is motion, and not force, although it is the result of 

 force. 



17. Mr. Grove further observes that " we now so readily resolve 

 sound into motion that to those ^vho are familiar with acoustics 

 the phenomena of sound immediately present to the mind the 

 idea of motion, — i. e., motion of ordinary matter.^^ The latter 

 portion of this is quite correct : knowing the conditions of 

 sound, when we hear any, there arises to the mind, by the 

 ordinary laws of association, the idea of motion ; but that is not 

 by any means resolving sound into motion. When I eat an 



