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that the motion was converted into the heat. This was the first push which 

 the scientific ball received in this direction. When you have once estab- 

 lished the fact that heat, one of our forces, is a mode of motion, the con- 

 clusion that most of the other forces may have a similar explanation seems 

 almost irresistible. The only thing to be added is, that some of them 

 seem to be inherent and others seem to be acquired. A body may be more 

 or less electrized : it may be in a highly electrical condition, or it may be in 

 a condition giving no manifestation of electricity. But oxygen cannot have 

 more or less affinity with nitrogen — its combining number is always the same. 

 It has always the same amount of attraction for nitrogen, carbon, or sulphur, 

 at one time as at another, so that it is an inalienable property. Many of 

 those faults of language that have been alluded to are really explicable on 

 the assumption that the terms we use in talking of such highly metaphysical 

 notions as force or energy are not yet settled ; and it will take a good while 

 before a settlement of the language to be employed will be obtained. 



The Chairman. — But is it not possible to reason on the matter under these 

 circumstances until the terms are settled accurately ? 



Dr. Haughton. — Every man must know what he means himself when he 

 uses a particular expression. We fancy we diff'er very often, because we use 

 the same word in a different sense from our neighbours. Some people manage 

 to agr^e about things for the sole reason that they are using the same terms ; 

 and although they have come to different conclusions, they believe them 

 to be identical. But I confess there is a good deal of metaphysics about all 

 this. I would next refer to the criticism of Professor Huxley in this paper. 

 Let it be understood I do not go in for Huxleyism : I am a strong opponent of 

 Huxley's views. I quote from section 44 : — " The capacity of jelly to guide 

 forces, which Professor Huxley says is a fact of the profoundest significance 

 to him, is not a fact at all, but merely an assertion." Now this is quoted 

 from Dr. Beale. Taking the literal meaning of the words used, this is probably 

 a fair exception to take to the use of the words ; but I fancy that when 

 Huxley talks of jelly he means protoplasm, or what Beale would call bioplasm, 

 — that is, organized matter, and not common jelly. And it is pretty well 

 admitted by all ph3^siologists of any position, that there is organization in the 

 case referred to : the jelly itself is plus the organization ; that is, there 

 is a directive power which is capable of guiding, and which does guide. 

 Let us take a physical illustration. How is a candle made ? The grease is 

 poured around the wick into a mould, and it takes the form of the mould — 

 it cannot take any other. In this sense the mould guides the material used. 

 But let the matter be organized. When the forces of Nature begin to operate, 

 the organized matter produces certain results diff'erent from what would have 

 taken place had the matter been unorganized. Living m^atter, therefore, does 

 guide forces in that sense, because it is constructed and organized (as I 

 believe by Divine Intelligence) in such a way that the forces of Nature, which 

 have their source in a creative fiat, may produce certain results by acting upon 

 it, which could only be produced in matter previously prepared and having a 

 certain constitution. That is the view I have taken in an article which I 



