CADUGA— TIliUMALA. 
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Caduga melaneus. 
PapUio iiicJancus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. xxx. fig. U (1775) ; Herbst^ Pap. pi. cxxiii. 
fig. 5 (1793). 
Danais melaneus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend. 1878, p. 822; Marsh. & de Nieev. Butt. 
Ind. i. p. 43, pi. v. fig. 5, (J ? (1882) ; Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 14, pi. i. fig. G (1882) . 
Caduga melaneus, INIoore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1883, p. 250 ; Lcp. Indica, p. 60, 
pi. xiv. figs. 2, 2^ ? (1890). 
Similar in almost every particular with D. trjtia, but the black markings of 
primaries are heavier, the border of secondaries is fuliginous instead of rust- 
coloured, and the body is orange-bufF in colour. 
Occurs in the same kind of localities as the last species ; is plentiful in 
Western China, but I have no specimens from any place further east than 
Chang Yang. In India it is found in the North-east Himalayas ; it also 
occurs in Burma, Java, Formosa, and the Malay Peninsula. 
Mr. Elwes remarks (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1888, p. oOO) that this species 
occurs commonly in the lower valleys of Sikkim up to an elevation of about 
6000 feet from March to December. 
Genus TIRUMALA. 
Tirumala, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. p. 5 (1880). 
" Fore wing broad, triangular ; first branch of subcostal emitted at one fifth before end of the cell, 
and free from the costal, second branch from end of the cell ; hind wing broadly oval, exterior 
margin very convex ; costal vein slightly curved ; cell short, anteriorly oblique ; second 
subcostal branch starting from nearer the first, and upper median nearer the middle branch, 
than in Radena. Male with an open scent-pouch between the lower median and submedian 
veins, the pendent sac of which is prominent on the underside. Antenna?, shorter than in 
Eadena, the club shorter, and tip more pointed. Larva with two pair of fleshy filaments. 
"Type T. limniacce, Cram." (Jloore, I.e.) 
Tirumala septentrionis. 
Danais septentrionis, Butler, Eut. INIonth. Mag. xi. p. 163 (1874) ; Marsli. & de Nicev. 
Butt. Ind. i. p. 48, pi. vi. fig. 8, ? (1882). 
Tirumala septentrionis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 5, pi. i. fig. 2 (1880) ; Lep. Indica, p. 34, 
pi. vii. figs. 2, 2" (J ? (1890). 
Danais limniacce, Butler {nec Cramer), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 51 (1866). 
Danais hamata, Butler {nec McLeay), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 725 (1870). 
" Allied to D. hamata, McLeay, but constantly much larger, the primaries above with the spots on 
the disc smaller ; secondaries olive-hrown (instead of chocolate-brown) ; the streaks beyond 
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