252 
NYMPHALID^. 
Pyrameis indica. 
Papilio atalanta indica, Herbstj Naturs. Schmett. vii. p. 171, pi. clxxx. figs. 1, 2 (1794). 
Pyrameis indica, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 50, pi. xxvii. fig. 2 (1881) : de Niceville, Butt. 
Incl. ii. p. 229, pi. xviii. fig. 74, ? (1886). 
Pyrameis calliro'e, Hiibuer, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816). 
Pyrameis callirhoe, Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 138 (1857), 
Vanessa callirhoe, Pryer, Rliop. Nihon. p. 12(>, pi. vii. fig. 3 (1889). 
" Male and female. Upperside : fore wing black, with a broad medial oblique irregular red band, 
the lower portion of which is traversed by three irregular-shaped black spots ; basal area and 
posterior margin golden brown ; an oblique subapical series of white quadrate spots, and an 
outer series of small dentate spots. Hind wing golden brown, with a marginal red band, 
bordered by black spots and traversed by a row of black spots and outer lunular line." 
{Moore, I. c.) " Underside: fore wing with the costa basally striated with black, two black 
spots at the base of the cell divided by a white line, a short narrow blue line beyond the end 
of the cell, the apex ochreons, bearing two obscure ocelli divided by the upper discoidal nervule, 
other markings much as above. Hind wing brown, beautifully marked, marbled, and irrorated 
with white, groy, darker brown, black, &c., the veins white on 'the basal half of the wing. 
A conspicuous oval white ring-spot in the middle of the cell, with a larger one enclosing a 
black space beyond ; a submarginal series of five cordiform spots, the two divided by the third 
median nervule with blue centres, the margin marked with a blue irregular line and other 
grey, black, and ochrcous ill-defined bands. Cilia throughout white, spotted with black at 
the ends of the nervules." {de NicevilU, 1. c.) 
The larva closely resembles that of P. atalanta, and feeds on nettles in 
exactly the same way. 
This is one of the commonest butterflies in China, Japan, and Corea, and 
is observed on the wing throughout the year. It also occurs in Amurland. 
According to de Niceville, this species is found in India wherever the nettle, 
upon which the larva feeds, occurs. In the Canary Isles and Madeira 
P. indica is represented by the form vulcanica, Godart (Encyc. Meth. ix. 
p, 320), which has also been recorded from Portugal and Andalusia. 
P. atalanta also occurs in the Canaries, and Alj)lieraky (Kom. sur Ld]). v. 
p. 218) states that vulcanica is probably only a form of that species. 1 
cannot, however, concur in this opinion, as out of liundreds of specimens 
of vulcanica and a few of P. atalanta bred by myself there was no approacli to 
a form intermediate between the two species. As P. atalanta is very scarce 
in the habitat of vulcanica 1 am inclined to think that it is a compara- 
tively modern introduction to the fauna of the Canaries and Madeira. 
