VANESSA. 
255 
Vanessa io. 
Papilio io, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 472 (1758) ; Esper, Schmett. i. pt. i. pi. v. fig. 2 
(1777); Hiibner, Eur. Sclimett. i. figs. 77, 78 (1793?). 
Vanessa io, Godart, Euc. Metli. ix. p. 309 (1819) ; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 175, pi. xli. 
fig. 1 (1881) ; Pryer, Rliop. Nihon. p. 26, pi. vi. fig. 11 (1888). 
"Expands from 1-75 to 2-75 inches. AU the wings arc dull red, with the hind margins brown. 
The fore wings have two black costal marks, external to which is a large eye-like spot composed 
of various colours, pi-incipaUy blue, and below this two small spots of light blue. The hind 
wings have a large blue and black eye surrounded by light brown. The underside is very 
dark brown, varied with nearly black lines. 
*' Larva. Black, with minute white spots and covered with black spines. Feeds on Urtica dioica 
from June to August." {Lang, I. c.) 
Buckler gives an extended account of the early stages of Vanessa io in 
' Larvfe of British Butterflies,' i. p. 179. This species is not very common in 
Central Japan, where it is restricted to the mountains, but in Yesso and Corea 
it is plentiful. There is no difference between Japanese or Corean specimens 
and those from Europe. Abundant in Ammiand and throughout Europe, and 
also found in Asia Minor. So far as known at present V. io does not occur 
in any part of China dealt with here ; neither has it ever been recorded from 
Northern India. 
Vanessa canace. 
Papilio canace, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. xii. p. 779 (1767). 
Vanessa canace, de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. p. 231 (1886). 
Papilio charonia, Drury, 111. Exot. Ent. i. pi. xv. figs. 1, 2 (1770) ; Cramer, Pap. Exot. 
i. pi. xlvii. figs. A-C (1775). 
Vanessa charonia, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 308 (1819) ; Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. p. 27, 
pi. vii. fig. 4 (1889). 
Vanessa ^fewcowia, Motschulsky, Etud. Entom. vi. p. 28 (1857). 
" Male. Upperside : both wings indigo-blue, crossed by a broad discal paler blue band, which is 
bifurcated above the third median nervule in the fore wing, the outer portion ending in 
some small whitish spots on the costa, the band gradually increasing in width from the costa 
to the anal angle, and bearing a series of small black spots between the nervules (sometimes 
absent) in the hind wing ; two fine marginal blue lines, often more or less obsolete. Fore 
wing with the costa more or less striated with bluish. Underside most beautifully variegated 
and striated with black, green, ochreous, pale violet, and ferruginous, crossed by a more or 
less prominent discal dark broad band having its inner edge indistinct, but its outer edge 
sharply defined with a highly irregular black line. Fore wing with a small ochreous spot at 
the outer lower end of the ceU touching the median nervure, usually with two ochreous spots 
near the apex answering to the terminal whitish spots of the discal baud above. Hind wing 
