VANESSA. 
261 
nei'Tule, the discocclliilars defined with two fine black lines, a prominent series of blue lunules 
on the black Jmargin within the ochreons lines. Underside ochreous, densely striated with 
brown and black, the basal half and outer margins of the wings much darker. Both above 
and below this species is dcnsol}' hairj*, more so than any other Indian species of Butterfly 
known to me." {cle Niceville, I. c.) 
" Larva. Black, with white dots, yellowish-white dorsal and lateral stripes, the spines black. 
Gregarious on various kinds of ISalix in June." {Lang, 1. c). I found larvae, pupae, and 
imagines in the Goorais Valley, Kashmir, in September; the larvae were feeding on willow, 
and the pupa) were suspended from twigs. 
Pryer states that P. xanlJwmelas is " very abundant about Yokohama. It 
feeds on willows, but is more often found on the Celtis, large trees being 
frequently completely stripped of leaves by the larvse. Only one brood 
appears during the year, and the perfect insect hybernates." 
Oberthiir says the species is plentiful in the Isle of Askold (Etud. d'Entom. 
y. p. 15). 
Common throughout Japan and the Corea. It is rather plentiful at Ichang 
and Chang-yang in Central China, but does not appear to occur in Western 
China. In Amurland it has been found in most places visited by collectors. 
It appears to be a rare species in India, and its range is restricted to the 
Western Himalayas. Lang says that the species is " confined to the eastern 
parts of Europe, including Germany, the North-east of Switzerland, Hungary, 
and Central Russia to 60°." 
I am quite of Mr. de Niceville's opinion that there are no satisfactory 
characters by which this species can be specifically separated from V. poly- 
chloros. Dr. Staudinger also appears to hold the same view (Hor. Soc. Ent. 
Ross. xiv. pp. 263, 264, 1878). 
Vanessa vau-album. 
Papilio vau-album, Wieu. Verz. p. 176 (1776) ; v-album, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 50 
(1787) ; Hubuer, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 83, 84 (1793 ?). 
Vanessa v-album, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 306 (1819) ; Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 172, 
pi. xl. fig. 2 (1884) ; de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. p. 236 (1886) ; Pryer, Rhop. 
Nihon. p. 25, pi. vi. fig. 9 (1888). 
Papilio l-album, Esper, Schmett. i. pt. 2, pi. Ixii. figs. Za,b (1780). 
" Male and female. Upperside : both wings deep fulvous. Fore wing with a black constricted spot 
across the middle of the cell, a large quadrate spot at its end, reaching from the costa to the 
third median nervule, with a pale yellow diffused costal patch on each side of it, the apex 
broadly black, having a pure white costal spot divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal 
nervules, a round black spot in the second median interspace, two black spots each in the 
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