MIMETIC ASSOCIATIONS 



59 



PAPILIO ECHERIOIDES. 



Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc, p. 72, pi. 6, ft. 1, 2 (1868). 

 Aurivillius, Rhop. Aeth,, p. 468 (1898). 



Plate V, Fig. 7, 



The example figured on Plate V was taken near Dar-es-Salaam, in German East Africa, and 

 differs somewhat in appearance from the average specimen owing to the comparative whiteness 

 of the discal patch on the hind- wing, which gives the insect a close resemblance to A . psyttalea 

 f. damoclides, the example of which, also figured on Plate V, was taken in the same neighbour- 

 hood. Many examples of the female have an ochreous patch on the hind-wing, and thus 

 resemble A . albimaculata and the white-spotted forms of A . echeria. After a careful examination 

 of the females of P. echerioides and P. homeyeri I can find no very certain method of distin- 

 guishing between them. The key to the species provided in Professor Aurivillius's catalogue 

 does not supply any clear marks of distinction. The only special feature of the female 

 P. homeyeri therein mentioned is the fact that in that species there is no submarginal spot 

 above the fore-wing upper radial, and as this is equally the case in echerioides it does not afford 

 any assistance. The specific distinction between the three forms echerioides, homeyeri, and jack- 

 soni is extremely small. The genitalia, which are usually appealed to in difficult cases, do not 

 in this instance afford assistance, as they are practically alike in the three species (see Novit. 

 Zool., xii, p. 185, 1905). It is only in the males that any marked difference is to be observed. 

 The male P. echerioides is black. The fore- wing has minute white dots on the margin in the 

 internervular spaces. There is a submarginal row of eight creamy white spots, of which the 

 second is the smallest, the first and third about the same size, and the remainder increasing 

 in length towards the inner-margin. The seventh is doubled, and the eighth is a streak. 

 The hind-wing has a narrow white discal band and a submarginal row of six white spots 

 (much nearer to margin than in jacksoni and homeyeri), and small white marks on the margin 

 in the internervular spaces. The butterfly ranges from the Cape to German East Africa. 

 Trimen records (S. Afr. Butt.) that he mistook the first two females he saw for P. dardanus 

 cenea ? /. cenea, and that they hovered flutteringly near the ground whilst the males coursed 

 rather rapidly and irregularly over the underwood. 



PAPILIO JACKSONI. 



E. M. Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 188, pi. 17, ff. i, 2 (1891). 

 Aurivillius, Rhop. Aeth., p. 468 (1898). 



Plate V, Fig. 8, ?. 



With P. cynorta, P. homeyeri, and P. echerioides, this butterfly belongs to a group in 

 which the males are characterized by a black ground-colour with transverse white markings, 

 whilst the females are all greatly modified in the direction of Danaine or Acraeine models. 

 The male P. jacksoni is black, with a submarginal row of eight pure white spots in the 

 fore- wing, running parallel to the hind-margin. The second of these, above the upper radial, 

 is the smallest, and the remainder increase gradually in length towards the inner-margin, 

 where they are almost half as wide as in homeyeri. The spot below the first median is 

 doubled, the two halves contiguous in the centre, and the eighth spot is on the inner-margin. 

 From a little beyond the middle of the costa of the hind-wing to a point rather above the 

 middle of the inner-margin, extends a white bar rather more curved on the distal than on 

 the basal side. A row of six submarginal white spots (separated from margin more widely 

 than in echerioides), and small white spots on the margin between the extremities of the 

 nervules in both wings. On the hind-wing underside the basal area is red-brown with one 



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