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MISS ELEANOE H. HULL, ON THE 



that bore pilgrims thither, and we still in Paris call a cab 

 " fiacre." Our first knowledge of the lonely Faroe Islands comes 

 from the report of Irish anchorites who settled there in the 

 eighth century, and when the ISTorsemen first visited Iceland 

 about 870 they found there before them the relics of " Christian 

 men, whom it is held must have come over the sea from the 

 West, for they had left there behind them Irish books, bells and 

 croziers." (Landnamdhol:, Prologue.) 



In the eighth century twenty-nine chief monasteries and 

 numerous hospitalia obeyed the Columban Pule; among them the 

 famous foundations of Cologne, Strasburg, Wiirzburg, Keichenaii, 

 Seckingham, Fontaines, Peronne, Liege, St. Gall and Bobbio. 

 " It was," says Mr. Hadden, " a mere turn of the scale that 

 prevented the establishment in the seventh century of an 

 aggregate of churches looking for their centre to Ireland and 

 entirely independent of southern influences." (Hadden, Essays, 

 p. 215.) It was in part the severity of the Columban rule that 

 prevented this. 



When in 723 the Saxon Winifred, or Boniface, to give him 

 his Romanised name, was sent to tlie Franks as Papal Legate, 

 not one of the German or Bavarian tribes to whom he went 

 could be considered pagans. 



The manuscripts from tlie large libraries of St. Gall and 

 Bobbio have furnished some of their most treasured posses- 

 sions to the great collections in the libraries of Turin, Milan, 

 the Vatican and Vienna. These include both classical 

 and tlieological works. Among them are copies of several 

 previously lost orations of Cicero and the palimpsest from 

 which Cardinal Mai published Cicero's De Repiihlica. A famous 

 palimpsest of Virgil, and copies of Horace, Ovid, Juvenal, 

 Terence, Demosthenes and Aristotle attest the broad education 

 of the eiglitli and ninth century monks and tlieir acquaintance 

 with tlie classics. Greek paradigms and lists of words and 

 Grieco-Latin copies of portions of the New Testament, of which 

 the most important is the manuscript of St. I^xul's epistles 

 known as Codex Bcerncrianus, now in the Royal Library of 

 Dresden, prove their study of tlie Greek language. 



Among ecclesiastical documents, I will only mention two. 

 One is the Antiplionary of Bangor, taken out to liobbio from 

 the Irish monastery of P>angor, co. Down, in the north of 

 Ireland, one of the earliest and most interesting service-books 

 of Western Europe. Among its hymns is the beautiful " Sancti 

 venite, Chriati corpus sumete," still sung in the services of the 

 Roman Cliurcli, and of which Di-. Neale's fine translation, 



