22S SIR HENRY H. HOWORTH, D.C.L.^ F.R.S., ON ICE OR WATER. 



I was very glad that Professor Hull brought out prominently his 

 differentiation between the older glacial clay and the newer glacial 

 clay, for it has always been a difficulty to account for the remains 

 •of fragile fossils in the boulder drift, seeing that the ice action 

 would probably crush these to pieces. In Northampton some time 

 ago I collected from the glacial clay which overlies the Oxford clay 

 very complete fossils indeed, which I identified from the Lower 

 Lias clay, from the Upper Lias clay, and some from the Kimmeridge 

 -clay — fossils not crushed or injured, but as good and sound as when 

 they were in the original clays. That shows that the whole of 

 the glacial deposits which we have in the Midlands have not 

 been the result of land ice, but that these particular glacial 

 •deposits have been deposited there from ice-masses floating over 

 the sea, and they have been dropped and have not been the result 

 •of the pushing on over the land by ice. We have centres of 

 dispersion of ice, as in the north of Ireland and Scotland, and 

 through the Lake District and Wales, centres of dispersion of large 

 glaciers. On the other hand the glacial deposits above referred to 

 have been the result of material brought by floating ice and 

 deposited in water. 



As regards the time that is given by Sir H. Ho worth of 10,000 

 years, that seems to be inadequate to explain all the changes that we 

 know have taken place during the glacial period, for we have the 

 ■elevation of shells on Snowdon, 1,300 feet, which must have taken 

 place during an epoch of depression of the land during that period, 

 &nd 10,000 years seems too small an amount of time to allow for 

 these great changes. 



Mr. KOUSE. — (Referring to the shells.) Are they at all associated 

 with any glacial phenomena 1 They are shells that are living in 

 the Irish Sea now, quite recent shells. 



Professor Logan Lobley. — If we allow sufficient time there is no 

 difficulty at all in imagining the great uplift elevations that were 

 necessary to produce a climate such as would cause severe glacial 

 conditions, for we must remember that although 5,000 feet seems a 

 tremendous change of level, that is only about one mile or one 

 four-thousandth part of the diameter of the earth, and with 

 expansion and contraction of the masses of the globe. A very 

 .slight amount of expansion or contraction would account for an 

 alteration to the extent of one four-thousandth part, and we have 



