SIR HENRY H. HOWORTH, D.C.L., F.R.S., OX ICE OR WATER. 229 



evidences in the Himalayas of land having been raised to 14,000 

 feet since the miocene period, so we have no difficulty in imagining 

 this elevation. 



All these phenomenal things abundantly confirm the conclusions 

 geologists have come to, that there has been a post-tertiary glacial 

 period, and that there were glacial conditions on a much more 

 extensive scale than exist at the present time. 



Mr. J. Bridges-Lee. — I have not had the advantage of reading 

 the work of Sir Henry Howorth. I know something of Professor 

 Hull's work and I have listened with considerable interest to the 

 paper which he has read. There is apparently even in these days a 

 fair amount of misconception abroad about the glacial question, 

 which I take to be a matter of certainty, as much as anything is 

 certain. 



A number of years ago during the period called the glacial period 

 there was an immensely larger amount of ice action than now in 

 this island, and I take it that the glacial action that is talked about 

 is glacial action in this part of the v^orld. It is a fact that there 

 was this glacial action ; it is proved by such an enormous amount 

 of evidence that I take it that geologists who have devoted their 

 lives to the study are practically unanimous about this, as regards 

 this country as well as throughout the rest of the world. The 

 cause may be open to a certain amount of discussion, and a good 

 deal of doubt of the total number of causes which have been at 

 work. It is impossible for people to be altogether free from doubt. 

 I notice Professor Hull has not alluded to a theory which I have 

 always been in the habit of associating with the glacier period, that 

 the motion of the earth's axis, the motion about its own centre, 

 the motion of an hour-glass, described an angle, and this would tend 

 to affect the motion, angle and incidence of the sun's rays upon 

 this part of the earth and tend to affect the temperature. A great 

 increased elevation of the mountains in Norway and parts of 

 England, Ireland and Scotland would undoubtedly be the cause for 

 the development of much larger quantities of ice and snow in 

 temperate and high latitudes. There is abundant evidence now to 

 show us that in many regions the land was very much higher at or 

 about that time than it is at the present time. 



One of the theories for the possible causes which might have 

 affected the temperature in this country might be alterations in the 



