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MARCUS N. TOD^ M.A., ON INTERNATIONAL 



AVe, in this twentieth century, boast a higher civilization, a 

 more enlightened public opinion, a stronger and more developed 

 moral sense : in our midst is the Christian Church, and the 

 person and teaching of its Founder exercise an influence far 

 beyond its visible borders. May we not take the example of 

 the Greeks in this matter as a stimulus, and accept their 

 experience as of happy augury for our own future ? 



Discussion. 



Mr. David Howard said : This valuable paper is one much 

 easier to appreciate than to criticize. There is nothing new under 

 the sun, and those who think that all noble and valuable ideas date 

 from the beginning of this century, or very little earlier, would do 

 well to learn the value of minute and laborious studies of past 

 history, which seem to them of little value, but throw invaluable 

 light upon the possibilities of applying to modern conditions the 

 admirable, if not new, idea of substituting the civilization of 

 arbitration for the barbarism of war. 



The Rev. H. J. R. Marston congratulated the lecturer upon his 

 great knowledge, his lucid exposition, and the general excellence of 

 his paper. The reflection which arose to his mind was the greatness 

 of the Greek endowment, not only in art, in which they were faxile 

 imncipes, but also in judgment and philosoph}', and now from this 

 paper he learnt they were equally great in some moral achievements 

 of which arbitration was a most interesting case. He felt personally 

 indebted to Mr. Tod for this instruction. The Greeks tried it very 

 widely and very successfully. Their moral sense was so strong that, 

 despite repeated failure, yet they stu(;k to the practice rather than 

 come to blows. 



Possibly the conditions between the small states made arbitration 

 easier. Modern conditions as, for example, between England and 

 America were very difi'erent, and made the principle fai* more 

 difficult in practice. Again, the central authority, the Senate, could 

 bind the small powers to carry out the results, and they would 

 therefore be less likely to dispute the awards. The long existence of 

 the spirit of arbitration, proved by this j^aper, encourages its 

 continuance. He cordially agreed with the opening sentences. No 



