OF BABYLONIAN CONCEPTIONS ON JEWISH THOUGHT. 307 



languages, as used on the monuments, are the following : 

 " Bintu," daughter, resembling the Hebrew " Banoth," daughters, 

 and the Arabic " Bint." " Khatanu," father-in-law, from the 

 verb signifying to protect, Hebrew " Khatan." " Sibu," grand- 

 father, Hebrew " Sabah," meaning greyhaired. " Panu," a face, 

 Hebrew Paneh." " Libbu," the heart, Hebrew "Leb." " Samu," 

 heaven, " Samain." " Karu," a river, " Nahr." " Samas," the 

 sun, " Semes." " Udumu," an ape, Adam the man. " Jibu," a 

 wolf, " Zeeb." " Sarru," a king, from the verb signifying to be 

 bright, " Sar." " Melku," a prince, " Melek.' " Eesu," a head, 

 "Kes." "Pu," a mouth, " Pe,'' etc., etc. ''Abil," a son 

 (Sumerian " Ibila"), is the Hebrew Abel. 



As regards the code of Khammurabi, this monarch, probably 

 the Amraphel of Genesis xiv, reigned, probably, 2130-2088 

 B.C.* He was the sixth king of the dynasty reigning at Babylon. 

 His code of laws was discovered, December, 1901, by Mr. de 

 Morgan at Susa. At the upper end of the front side of the 

 diorite stone is a bas-relief representing the king standing in 

 front of Shamash the Sun God, and receiving his laws from him 

 (reminding us of Moses on Sinai). In the prologue Kham- 

 murabi states that Bel and Merodach had called liini to cause 

 justice to prevail, to destroy the wicked, and evil, and prevent 

 the strong from oppressing the weak. He ends by promising 

 blessings from Shamash on all future kings who maintain his 

 laws: and uttering terrible curses on those who alter them. 

 The code contains no ceremonial law, but is confined to civil 

 and criminal law. Driver considers that Khammurabi may 

 have formulated some provisions, but that on the whole his 

 code arranged and sanctioned previously existing laws. King 

 reminds us that Urukagina of Lagash, when he modified 

 existing laws, was dealing with laws similar to those codified 

 by Khammurabi, which shows that Khammurabi's laws were of 

 Sumerian origin. The following parallels between Khammurabi 

 and the Pentateuch are interesting. Khammurabi says that 

 a false witness is to be punished by the lex talionis. In 

 Deuteronomy xix, 19, we read " if the witness be a false 

 witness then shall ye do unto him, as he thought to have done 

 unto his brother." Khammurabi says if something lost is 

 found in another man's possession, witnesses are to declare 

 before God what they know, and the thief is to be put to death. 

 In Exodus xxii, 9, there is the same provision, only that the 

 punishment is not death but double payment. Khammurabi 



King puts him a little later. 



