296 NOTES ON THE THICKNESS OF THE LUCERNE GLACIER, ETC. 



parts of the lakes, and that view finds great support, I might almost 

 say confirmation, by the soundings along the fiords of Norway. 

 Nearly all the great Norwegian fiords are deeper in the central parts 

 than at their outlets by a very considerable amount of depth, some- 

 times 1,000 or 2,000 feet, and if these fiords, like the valleys in the 

 Alps we have been discussing, were originally river valleys, and they 

 were also unquestionably filled by glacial ice, it is very hard to resist 

 the evidence they give that they owe part of their depth (the deeper 

 parts) to the erosion of former glaciers which we know to have 

 existed. 



The rocks rising above the surface of the Lake of Lucerne have 

 undergone the most extraordinary modifications in their structure 

 by means of the forces to which they have been subjected, as shown 

 by the wonderful fiexuring and contortions one sees on looking across 

 this part of Lucerne Lake. The whole of the southern side of the 

 lake, which rises to about 2,000 feet above the surface, here presents 

 the most wonderful flexures, foldings and inversions of the strata of 

 limestone. 



Mr. HuDLESTON. — Oh yes, foldings like gneiss itself. 



The Secretary. — Yes, I have often wished I could take a picture 

 of them, had I been an artist, to place before the Institute, but I 

 admit they are valleys of erosion, and that combination of the 

 longitudinal with the cross valleys has no doubt determined the 

 main features. 



I do not know that I can quite agree with Mr. Hudleston, though 

 no doubt he has good reason for supposing, that the glacier 

 originally went out in this direction [jpointing']. 



Mr. Hudleston. — Even straighter than that. Well, I cannot say 

 that any glacier went that way, but a pre-glacial river went that way 

 [referring to the diagram]. 



The Secretary. — That is a very interesting point. 



Then with regard to Professor Logan Lobley's view of the cause 

 of the glacial period, I think he is quite aware that I am altogether 

 with him in that view, that the elevation of the whole of Central 

 Europe (western and northern) has been the great preliminary cause 

 of the cold of the glacial epoch ; but we need not discuss that now. 



I am much obliged for the way you have received my paper. 



