256 
The if ish Naturalist, 
DecemtDer, 
and moulding which runs in a general east and west direction across the 
island. The second invasion, from the south-east — laid down a Boulder - 
Clay much coarser and looser in texture, and largely composed of sand- 
stones and granite of various kinds. In early Post-glacial times it is 
probable that the island was joined to the mainland by a Boulder -Clay 
connection, and over this connection animals and plants could migrate ; 
but taking into account the depleted flora and fauna of the mainland, its 
value as a factor in introducing habitants to the island is extremely dubious. 
Mr. Hallissy proves the existence of a later and much more permanent 
land connection. By mapping the best authenticated occurrences of 
submerged forests and peats around the coasts of Ireland, he shows that 
the land at the lowest estimate must have stood between 40 and 50 feet 
higher than at the present day. This elevation of the land in Post-glacial 
times also occurred in England and France, and in Denmark was so 
pronounced as to have converted the Baltic Sea into a fresh -water lake 
which has received the geological title of the AncylusLake. How far to the 
westward the floor of the Atlantic was elevated during this Ancylus Lake 
period we cannot say, but it is certain that Clare Island became for a con- 
siderable time portion of Western Europe, and that it was during this 
connection that the island received the greater part of its present flora 
and fauna. The memoir is well turned out, contains a folding map which 
shows Mr. Hallissy's work on the superficial deposits in considerable 
detail, and a number of excellent photographs by Mr. R. Welch add 
greatly to the attraction of the work. 
J. DE W. H. 
LAMARCK IN ENGLISH. 
Zoological Philosophy : an Exposition with regard to the Natural History 
of Animals. By J. B. Lamarck [1809]. Translated with an 
Introduction by Hugh Elliot. Pp xcii. 4- 410. London : 
Macmillan and Co., 1914. Price, 15s. net. 
" Few names have been so extensively quoted in modern biological 
controversies as that of Lamarck ; yet of those who quote him scarcely 
any have taken the trouble to read his work." This comment of Mr. 
Elliot in his introduction must be admitted as the truth ; it may have 
the less justification among us now that — a hundred and five years after 
its publication — he gives us the first complete English translation ever 
made of the famous " Philosophic Zoologique." In this he has deserved 
well of all students of the history of biological enquiry. 
Even biologists who, like Mr. Elliot himself, are sceptical as to whether 
" use -inheritance " — that factor always associated with Lamafck's name — 
has been a real cause in the evolutionary process, must admit the great 
.value of Lamarck's work as a contribution to the general evolutionary 
view of living nature. The man who, not taking up seriously the study 
of zoology, until his appointment when already fifty years of age to a 
professorship of zoology ("insects, worms and microscopic animals") 
at the Museum d'Histoire Naturellc, then perceived the prime importance 
of the vertebral column in morphology and contrasted for the first time 
