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KEY. F. ST0RR3 TURNER, B.A., ON 



language, political economy, anthropology, might be added. 

 Human physiology too cannot be left out. Indeed, half or 

 more than half of the whole range of human thought falls 

 under our definition, leaving another area, inferior in interest and 

 importance, for the group of sciences which may be called 

 physics. Plainly some limits would have to be self-imposed in 

 a psychology written on our plan ; and what these would be 

 it is not easy to anticipate. 



This view of the situation exposes us to an apparently 

 formidable objection. " Your scheme," it may be said, " breaks 

 down under its own weight. The magnitude of its scale makes 

 it impracticable. A way that no one can follow cannot be the 

 right way." I am not insensible to the force of this objection. 

 The argument of this paper requires to be supported by the 

 production of a psychology on the lines it indicates, in order to 

 produce full conviction. But I think that the objection is not 

 so formidable as it looks. Before our psychology has been 

 worked out very far, the objection may disappear, and if not 

 before, the epistemology, I think, would dispel it. One consider- 

 ation from that source may be mentioned. It has often been 

 pointed out that our thinking and our knowledge are not all 

 on one plane, but are on different levels, in successive stages 

 — the common-sense or pre-scientific stage ; then "science" which 

 raises this to a higher level ; and after this, the reflective or 

 philosophical stage. Between the second and third levels there 

 is a great difference. " Science " takes much for granted. 

 Philosophy refuses to pass anything uncriticised, delves down 

 to the foundations, takes into account all the facts, and all the 

 facts together as a whole and a unity ; and, lastly, seeks and 

 will be satisfied with nothing less than truth and certainty. 

 Psychology seems to me to belong to the third and highest level ; 

 and therefore, to be compelled to start from the given certainties 

 and to seek for a fuller comprehension of what is given. Its 

 result and reward may be, not the acquisition of new information ; 

 but the clearer apprehension and firmer grasp of truth already 

 within our reach but dimly and confusedly conceived. 



15. Body and soul. — If our psychology were completed only 

 so far as to the end of the first two or three sections, sub- 

 divisions would come to light. We should have, in considering- 

 human interests, to distinguish between bodily and mental 

 wants ; in studying knowledge, the bodily organs of sense would 

 have to be considered. I think that we can foresee the advan- 

 tage which our method will have in studying these topics. Its 

 essential character will forbid the abstraction of any part or 



