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REV. F. STORES TURNER, 15. A., ON 



--again. When our psychology comes to consider body and 

 soul, it will not be troubled in any way. On the contrary it 

 will find, this union of body and soul in one self quite 

 'Congruous with the union of ourselves and the environments 

 in one wcrld. Its work will be to notice how perfectly this 

 'unity of body and soul fits into the unity of the universe. 

 Destitute of a body, what could a human soul do or know in 

 this world ? How could it be aware of its environment ? 

 Without bodies, how could individual souls communicate their 

 thoughts to each other ? The given facts hold together and 

 support each other, together constituting a system in which 

 -each member is essential to the whole. 



16. Free will. — Again, our psychology will be untroubled by 

 that insoluble problem — the relation of free will to determinism. 

 The facts of volition, duty, and responsibility are solid 

 -certainties of the self — they are not imaginations or inferences, 

 but immediate realities. It is as impossible to doubt these 

 facts as it is impossible to doubt the facts of gravitation in 

 physics. Determinism is a theory belonging to another region 

 of thought — the attempt of the human intellect to comprehend 

 .the universe as a whole. We may feel the fascination which 

 .this theory has for the religious belief that God governs all, 

 and for the philosophical imagination of a universe absolutely 

 Tilled by law and causation, but we need not be disquieted. 

 jS'o theory can undermine the certainty of given facts ; while 

 on the other hand it is easy to recognise the inability of the 

 human mind to know everything. 



17. Conclusion. — Whether there are two or more right ways 

 in psychology is a question which must be postponed. An 

 immense amount of useful work has been done by psychologists 

 who have begun by analysis of consciousness, and have 

 endeavoured to explain the self as a compound of simple 

 -elements, somewhat after the manner of physical science. 

 Unhappily, in some cases, the result lias been a doubt whether 

 .there is any self. Munsterberg in his Psychology and Life, and 

 more fully, in his Grundzuge dcr Psychology', has made an 

 attack upon these "objective" psychologies, no reply to which, 

 so far as I know, has appeared. I mention this to show that I 

 .am not alone in feeling that a new departure in psychology is 

 necessary. Meantime I would fain hope that the arguments of 

 this essay, now submitted to your judgments, will convince 

 some of you that the method I have advocated is worth trying. 

 It has the merit of keeping close to practical life. It does not 

 [promise to explain what the self is ; but it recognises that the self 



