262 CHEV. W. P, JERVIS, F.G.S.j ON THE MINERALS AND 



chalcedony. Further K. shows that though the word chrysolite 

 denotes the colour, there is no means of identifying which of 

 several suitable hard stones in the breastplate was signified, and 

 the matter is shrouded with obscurity. 



Sappir, translated sapphire, and cra7r<£e6/9o? in S., is mppir in 

 Chaldea, sophor in Ethiopic, saphiros in Coptic, saphiron in 

 •Syriac, sapphiros in Latin. Given as sapphire by 13. L. 0. B. 

 But K. authoritatively states that what was known to the 

 Ohaldeans, Greeks, and Eomans under the name of sapphire 

 was lapis lazuli. That mineral comes from Bokhara, and the 

 •district of Badakshan in Afghanistan, to the north of the 

 Hindu Kush, not far from the upper course of the Oxus, 

 •whence it is taken by caravans to the lapidaries of Cambay. 



Jashpeh; translated jasper, Xaairi^ in S., is also called jashpeh 

 in Persian and Syriac. Jasper occurs abundantly in many 

 countries, including Syria, Egypt, etc., but is also extensively 

 found and cut in Guzerat ; it is recognised as such by B. L. 0. E. ; 

 K. considers that plasma, or jasper, was intended here. 



There are potent arguments in support of the conviction 

 that all the foregoing stones in Aaron's Ephod were cut at 

 Cambay, and thence taken to Egypt by regular trade, for it 

 has been traced back to long before the Christian era. 



Thence the commerce of the lapidaries of Cambay supplied 

 all countries of the ancient world from China to Greece and 

 Egypt : even at the present day it is hinted that much of what 

 is sold in Western Europe in resorts of modern tourists has a 

 like origin, having been worked and cut at Cambay. 



Akhlomoh, translated amethyst, dfieSvaros in S., is amothostos 

 in Ethiopic (whence the Greek name) and in Syriac ; 

 amethystos in Coptic ; aniethystus in Latin. It is so given 

 by B. K. L. 0. E. S. ; all are concordant. It is abundant : 

 amongst other countries, in India and Ceylon. 



As to the identification of the other stones the greatest 

 perplexity exists, and nothing positive can be ascertained. 



fioreketh, translated carbuncle, from the Sanscrit Barak, 

 shining, is the afiapdySos in S., also /jidpay&cs in Greek ; 

 maragd in Ethiopic ; marakta in Sanscrit ; berakta and 

 ismaragda in Chaldea ; barketh and zmerud in Persian ; 

 zumurud in Hindustani ; zamaragd in Ethiopic, whence 

 evidently the Greek ; samurod in Arabic ; smaragdus in 

 Latin. Translated emerald by B. K. L. E. S. It is found in 

 Egypt, whence the whole ancient world was supplied. 

 Extensive traces of the ancient emerald mines on the Saburah, 

 between Berenice and Koptos, were discovered in chlorite 



