304 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Xoetiolar cords and enter the stipules. If there be two opposite leaves, { 

 then two horizontal cords run round the stem from the one leaf to the 

 other, forming a " stipular fibro-vascular zone." From this arise the 

 cords Avhich enter the stipules. This is well and easily seen in the 

 Galiums, such as " Cleavers." If a thin section be made by cutting the 

 stem just above and below a node and be held up to the light, the true 

 leaves will be detected by having their cords issuing from the stem- 

 cylinder ; but all the other ''leaves," really stipules, are provided for 

 by the " zone " alone. 



The Lime is a very interesting case. The small brown buds consist of 

 stipular scales with rudimentary conduplicate lea^ es within them. This 

 should be carefully studied in the spring, and I will here quote what I 

 have elsewhere said about it.* As soon as the bud expands, while the 

 inner stipules develop considerably, those on the upper side are concave 

 and ovoid and cover the upturned edges of the conduplicate leaves, which 

 at once take a position in a vertical plane ; the stipules at the sides elon- 

 gate much more than the former, furnishing some lateral protection to 

 the whole bud, which now curves strongly dow^nwards and somewhat 



Fig. 165. Fig. 166. 



The leaf-bud of the Lime in different stages of development. 



resembles a mussel in shape (fig. 164). As the bud continues to develop, 

 the branch becomes more and more strongly curved downwards, so that 

 the leaves are held vertically (figs. 165 and 166), and as the lower and 

 older ones increase in size they assume a horizontal position and under- 

 take to protect the younger ones, which are concealed beneath them. Thus 

 the protecting care is handed on to each leaf as it arrives at maturity, 

 until the whols series is developed and the branch and leaves become 

 horizontal."^ 



Petiolar-Stiimlar Scales. — In the case of the Rose the stipules are 

 " adnate," or growing out of the petioles of the fully developed leaves, 

 appearing like wings on the sides. Being at first placed face to face, they 

 protect the young bud nestling between them ; but as winter bud-scales 

 they are very minute, possessing three points at the apex, which reveal 

 their true nature, for the middle point indicates a totally arrested blade. 

 On dissecting a bud the minute pinnate leaf with conduplicate leaflets 

 can be detected within. As in the case of the Walnut, so does the Rose 



* " On Vernation and the Methods of Development of Foliage as Protective against 

 Radiation." — Journ. Lin. Soc. vol. xxi. p. 624. 



f See some beautiful illustrations of the Lime, Beech, Elm, &c. by Lord Avebury 

 (Sir John Lubbock), in his paper on " Buds and Stipules.'' — Jo2mi. Lin. Soc. xxxiii., 

 parts 12-15. 



