NOTES ON EECENT KESEARCH. 



511 



" Cliffs with deciduous trees have no fruticosc lichens nor heath- 

 stages, the author attributing the absence of the fruticose lichens to 

 wind. 



" On the third type of chli" the lichens remain longer, and foliose 

 lichens and mosses are added to the stages after crustaceous lichens. 



" Dying lakes pass into sedge-moors, then into cotton-grass-moors, 

 finally into shrub-moors and forest-moors with pines or birches. 



" Retrogressive phases are common on the moors, lichens growing 

 over the peat-moss and shrubs ; again the water collects and the lichens 

 pass away. The peat-moss appears again, and we have what Nilsson 

 calls a secondary moor." — G. H. 



ExpEiuMENT Stations in Hungary. 



Experiment Stations in Hung-ary. By E. W. Allen, Ph.D. 

 {U.S.A. Exp. Sin. Bccord, vol. xiii. No. 1, 1901). — Hungary possesses 

 twenty-one Governmental experimental stations or divisions, with a 

 director in charge of each station. From this number of stations tests 

 are provided in respect of agricultural chemistry, seed control, entomology, 

 plant and tobacco culture, vegetable physiology and pathology, animal 

 physiology and feeding, and agricultural machinery. The stations are 

 instituted for the promotion of agricultural science and practice amongst 

 the farming classes. Original research and practical experiments are 

 conducted, from the results of which advice of a valuable nature can be 

 given. Since 1898 a Central Commission, consisting of a president, 

 secretary, and about twelve permanent members, who are appointed by 

 the Minister of Agriculture, direct and supervise the individual stations. 

 A journal containing reports of the work is published by the Commission. 

 Of the eight chemical stations, three work entirely on the examination of 

 agricultural and other products. The remaining five, in addition to the 

 above work, carry on scientific agricultural investigations. The com- 

 mencement of seed testing was in 1871, and has been gradually extended 

 from a single station until at the present time there are six in full 

 working. From a minimum number of sixty-two samples tested in 1881 

 the total had grown to 32,487 in 1898. All seed-control stations are 

 attached to Agricultural Institutions, with the exception of the "central" 

 one at Budapest, which possesses the largest working staff. The directorship 

 of other stations is vested in the Professor of Botany at the Institute with 

 which each station is connected. Two stations examine and test various 

 inventions of implements and machines, and supply complete information 

 in regard to same. One station carries out plant and "pot culture " ex- 

 periments, and another deals with the promotion of the tobacco industry, 

 the latter having a sub-station attached. Th3 value of these stations to 

 those engaged in tobacco culture may be gathered from a brief summary 

 of their Avork. The above central station occupies about 29 acres of 

 ground. Of this, various buildings, including laboratory^ rooms for 

 gardeners, curing barns of various types, sorting and storing houses, A'c, 

 cover about 7 acres ; a botanical garden, containing 209 different 

 varieties of tobacco, garden and field for culture experiments, and hotbeds 

 covering nearly 1^ acres. Entomology is represented at a station from 



