IN PALESTIXE IN RELATION TO THE BIBLE. 



227 



ir. (a) F/umicmn influence predominant (1300-1000 B.C.). 

 Found in the fifth layer in Gezer. MacaHster calls it 

 " transitional." l*eriod from Judges to Solomon. 



{h) Later Fha^nician — the most characteristically Hebrew,. 

 1000-800 B.C. — and later. Iron now appears and begins to 

 replace bronze and flint instruments. Cypriote i pottery also- 

 marked. In S. Palestine jar handles with Hebrew stamps now 

 appear. 



III. (a) Hellenic influences appear — 800-600 B.C. — at Tell 

 Ta'anuh only. The terra cotta altar of incense with human 

 and animal heads belongs to this stratum. Nothing answering 

 to this period in S. Palestine. 



{h) Later Hellenic — Seleucidan pottery — after 800 B.C. Most 

 of the pottery of Tell Sandahannah and some of that in upper 

 layers at Gezer and on the surface at Tell el Jndeydeh belong tO' 

 this period. 



lY. Roman pottery — found on the surface of " tells " all over 

 the land. Many of the lamps found in tombs at Gezer belong, 

 to this class.* 



In addition to the indications enumerated there are happily 

 positive indications which are of the greatest use in checking 

 the results arrived at along otlier lines. These are objects 

 which can be definitely dated, for example, cuneiform and 

 Hebrew inscriptions, Egyptian scarabs and articles of jewellery,, 

 and, for the later periods, Greek and Latin inscriptions, coins 

 and lamps. Of all these, the scarabs are probably the most 

 practically useful ; they frequently contain the names of well- 

 knowm kings, others from their designs can with assurance be 

 assigned to definite dynasties. At Gezer great numbers of 

 Hyksos scarabs, mostly unnamed, have been found, pointing to 

 an Egyptian influence in Syria 700 years earlier than is recorded 

 on any Egyptian inscriptions. Among the scarabs with royal 

 cartouches occur those of Khyan (about 3100 B.C.), Usertesen I. 

 (2758-2714 B.C.) ThothmosisI[I.(1503-1449 B.c.),Amenhotep III. 

 and Queen Tyi (1414-1379 B.C.), and others of later dynasties. 

 On the topmost stratum was found a small slab of red sandstone 

 with an inscription in which occurs the name Naifaaurud, the 

 first king of the XXIXth dynasty (399-393 B.c.).t The cunei- 

 form inscriptions are even more interesting, for example, the one 



The above classification is a combination of those of Mr. MacaHster 

 and Prof. Sellin. 



t Dates are quoted from Petrie's IlistGry of Egypt. 



