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rions in such multitudes as to show that these animals 

 must have wandered over the plains of Europe in great 

 herds, comparable to those of the wild asses of Tartary 

 and the zebras of South Africa of recent times. The 

 collection made by Gaudry alone consisted of 1.900 bones, 

 belonging to at least twenty-four individuals. They 

 have also been found in similar numbers at Eppelsheim 

 in Germany, and at Mont Leberon and in Vaucluse in 

 the South of France. 



One of the principal characteristics of the skeleton 

 of the Pikermi hipparion is the presence of a consider- 

 able depression or pit upon the side of the face in front 

 of the orbit or cavity for the eye. Although such a pit- 

 is not found in any of the existing species of horse, it 

 was not infrequent in many extinct forms, and varied 

 in them in size and depth. It so closely resembles a 

 similar depression, found in the same situation in many 

 species of deer and antelopes, which lodges a glandular 

 infolding or pouch of the skin called the c suborbital 

 gland/ ' crumen,' or in French £ larmier,' that there can 

 be little doubt but that it had the same purpose in the 

 hipparion. The gland in the existing animals that possess 

 it secretes a peculiar oily, odorous substance, the scent of 

 which enables the animals provided with it to recognise 

 each other even at immense distances, the faculty of 

 smell being also developed to a wonderful degree. At 

 certain seasons of the year the glands are especially 



