536 ENGLAND. 



and of 793,000 bales imported into England annually, no less than 700,000 arc brought into this 

 port. 



An extended system of canals opens a water communication with the North Sea, and with 

 the inland counties. The shipping belonging to this port, in 1830, amounted to 161,780 tons. 

 The manufactures, which are extensive, are chiefly those connected with shipping and the con- 

 sumption of the inhabitants. Tliey comprise iron and brass founderies, breweries, soap works, 

 sugar refineries, ship-building, watch and instrument making, &,c. Population, in 1831, 

 165,171, or, including the suburbs, upwards of 200,000. In the beginning of the last century, 

 Liverpool was an insignificant village ;• her merchants then engaged in the American and West 

 India trade, and the growth of the manufactures of Manchester promoted its increase. The 

 chief portion of the African trade also centered here, and more recently, its trade with East 

 India has been rapidly increasing. 



Thirty-three miles east of Liverpool, with which it is connected by a railroad, stands J]!an- 

 chester, a great manufacturing town, whose popiilalion is inferior only to that of London. The 

 number of inhabitants is 187,000, or, including Salford and the innnediate neighborhood, 



233,380. It presents nothmg re- 

 markable in an architectural point of 

 view ; the streets are fihhy and nar- 

 row, the houses and buildings in gen- 

 eral mean, and the great mass of the 

 people poor. It is, however, the 

 centre of ihe great cotton manufac- 

 ture of I'ngland, and various other 

 manufactures are cariied on here, 

 which consume great quantities of the 

 coal abundant in the neighborhood. 

 There were upwards of 300 stearn 

 engines, and 30,000 looms here, in 

 1828. 



To the north of Manchester, lies 

 BoUon, also a great manufacturing 

 town, with 43,400 inhabitants, and 

 Rochdale, noted for its great flannel 

 manufactures, with 41,300 inhabitants. To the south is Oldham, with its slate quarries, its 

 coal mines, and its extensive cotton and woolen manufactures, and containing a population of 

 50,500. JlsJilon, 33,600 inhabitants, and S/ocfc/Jor/, 4 0,700, also have extensive manufactures. 



Birmingham is the second of the great workshops of the British empire. Here is made 

 every sort of articles of hardware, whether curious, useful, or ornamental, from the more pon- 

 derous productions of the rolling mill and casting furnace, down to polished watch-chains and 

 delicate instruments. Buttons, buckles, trinkets, and jewelry, plated, enamelled, japanned, 

 and brass works of every description, steam-engines, pins, swords, and fire-arms, &c., are 

 here produced. The manufactures are upon the largest scale, and constructed with the greatest 

 ingenuity. Steam is the chief moving power. The town, although in the centre of the 

 country, is connected with the different coasts by means of canals, through which its various 

 productions are sent to all parts of the world. The lower part is composed of crowded 

 streets and mean buildings, but the upper part has a better appearance. Population, 147,000. 



Wolverhamplon, about 15 miles from Birmingham, is also distinguished for its extensive man- 

 ufactures of hardware. The whole country between the two places, is a little more than a 

 succession of collieries, iron mines, forges, and cabins, black with smoke. The borough of 

 Wolverhampton includes several townships, comprising 67,500 inhabitants. 



Leeds, a large trading and manufacturing town of Yorkshire, is situated on a navigable branch 

 of the Humber, and is connected with Liverpool by a canal. The old part of the town is 

 dirty and crowded, but the modern streets are spacious and handsome. Leeds is not only the 

 principal seat of the woolen manufactures and trade of the kingdom, but it also contains foun- 

 deries, glass works, and linen manufactures. Here are 30 churches and meetinghouses, 2 

 great wool markets, called the White Cloth Hall, with 1,200 shops, and the Mixed Cloth 

 Hall, with 1,800, a bazaar, theatre, &c. Population, 123,400. In the neighborhood, are 



Mandiister. 



