ENGLAND. 



341 



Carlisle, the county town of Cuinoerland, is an ancient city, defended by walls and a castle. 

 Population, 20,000. Whitehaven is an important place in the same county, the coal mines 

 in the vicinity of which give it an active trade. Population, 15,700. In Lancashire ^ire Lan- 

 caster, the county town, with 12,600 inhabitants, and Preston, a thriving town, with extensive 

 cotton manufactures, and 33,870 inhabitants. Chester, the county town of Cheshire, with 

 21,400 inhabitants, is a city of some note in history, containing a cathedral and a fine castle. 

 Durham is also an episcopal see. Population, 10,125. Berwick-vpon-Tictcd, situated on the 

 frontiers of England and Scotland, became famous in the frequent wars between the two 

 countries. It is regularly fortified, and was at one time declared a free town. It is now in- 

 cluded within the limits of England. 



The Welsh towns are mostly inconsiderable. Swansea is a thriving trading town on Bristol 

 Channel, with 13,250 inhabitants. Caernarvon is interesting from its fine old castle. Merthyr 



Caernarvon Caatle. Devil's Bridge. 



Tydvil has lately become important on account of its extensive iron works. The whole 

 neighborhood is filled with iron and coal mines and forges, furnishing annually 50,000 tons of 

 iron. Population, 23,000. Milford Haven, on the western coast, is distinguished for its fine 

 harbor, and a royal dock-yard has lately been established here. Cardigan is a small old 

 town, which carries on a considerable trade. In the vicinity is the Devil's Bridge, an arch 

 thrown over a deep, rocky chasm, at the bottom of which rolls the Mynach, after rushing down 

 three lofty cascades. 



5. ^^gricullurc. Notwithstand- 

 ing the general inferiority of tlie 

 soil, England is under such ex- 

 cellent cultivation, that the coun- 

 try may be considered as one 

 great garden. Farming is, in 

 many parts, conducted on a great 

 scale, by men of intelligence, 

 enterprise, and capital ; and the 

 science, as well as practice, of 

 agriculture, is carried to a high 

 degree of perfection. In the 

 northern counties, the farms are 

 large, and are leased generally 

 for 21 years. In the southern 

 counties, the farms are smaller, 

 and the tenants are often propri- 

 etors. The field-pea and the 

 tare are often sown as a field 

 crop. Saffron, which was formerly cultivated in various parts of the kingdom, is nov/ grown 

 almost solely in Essex; another singular product of Essex, is a kind of treble crop of corian 



Field Pea. 



Tare 



