512 



EUROPE 



do not possess a census of contemporary surveys, and in Turkey the population can only be 

 loosely estimated from the number of hearths paying tax to the Porte. The population-returns 

 of Hungary, kSpain, and Transylvania, are very old. In 1787, Zimmerman estimated the pop- 

 ulation of Europe at 144,000,000; Malte Brun, at 205,000,000; Balbi, in 1S26, stated it at 

 227,000,000, and the best recent estimates make it, at present, about 233,000,000 This pop- 

 ulation is not equally concentrated throughout Europe. Thus, in the Duchy of Lucca, it is in 

 the ratio of 238 to a square mile; while in Iceland and Faroe it is only If; in the Nether- 

 lands it is as 212, in Great Britain as 178, and in Sweden and Norway as 10 to the square mile. 

 Upon the whole, the south of Europe is more populous than the north, in proportion to its ex- 

 tent : and must continue so, as the means of subsistence are procured with so mucli greater 

 facility in the countries of the former, than in those of the latter. The climate of Norway is 

 quite as favorable to longevity as that of Lucca ; but the one comprehends a vast tract cf rug- 

 ged, untillable surface ; the other is a garden throughout. 



15. Inhabitants. The inhabitants of Europe belong to 20 diffiirent races, but F> of ihrse 

 comprise the great bulk of the population. I. The German or Teutonic lace comprises the 

 Germans, Dutch, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, English, and a pni t of the Swiss ; tl;cse people 

 speak Teutonic dialects. 2. The Greco-Latin race comprises the Greeks, Albanians, Wala- 

 chians, Italians, French, Spaniards, and Portuguese, with a part of the Swiss. 3. The Scla- 

 vonic race embraces the Russians, Poles, Lithuanians, Bohenn'ans, Servians, Bosnians, Dal- 

 matians, Bulgarians, with the Wends of Prussia, the Sorbians of Prussia and Saxony, the Lettes 

 of Ftussia, &c. Tliese three races are the most numerous. 4. To the Uralian or Finnic race 

 belong the Finns, Laplanders, Esthonians, Magyars or Hungarians, and some smaller tribes in 

 Russia. 5. The Turkish race comprises the Ottoman Turks or ruling people of Turkey, the 

 Turcomans of the same empire, and several tribes often called Tartars, in Russia. 



Beside these principal races, are the Biscayans of Spain ; the Celts, comprising the High- 

 landers of Scotland, the native Irish, the Welsh, and the Bretons of western France; the 

 Samoiedes ; the Monguls, of whom the only tribe are the Calmucks of Russia ; Jews ; Armenians ; 

 Gypsies, &c. The Gypsies, called Bohemians in France, Gitanos in Spain, and Zigeuner in 

 Germany, are a roving tribe, supposed to be originally from HIndostan ; they are scattered all 

 over Europe, and their number is estimated at 600,000 or 800,000. They live sometimes in 

 tents, often in caves, or in huts half under ground, and covered with sods. They rarely pursue 

 any regular trade, but are often jugglers, fortune-tellers, &c. They have a peculiar language, 

 but no religion. 



16. Religion. There are three great monolheistical systems of religious belief predominant 

 in Europe, viz : 



( 1 .) Christianity, of which the principal seat and centre, though not the birth-place, is Europe 

 The Christian nations in Europe, are divided into three leading sects, viz. Ist. The Greek 

 Catholic, or Eastern Church, which prevails in Greece, part of Albania and Bulgaria, in Servia, 

 Sclavonia, Croatia, Walachia, Moldavia, Russia, &c. 2d. The Latin or Roman Catholic 

 Church, of which the Pope, one of the sovereign powers of Europe, is the head. 'J'his creed 

 is predominant in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Austria, the half of German}' and of Switzer- 

 land, Belgium, Poland, and Ireland, and numbers some adherents in Great Britain, Holland, 

 and Turkey. 3d. The Protestant Church, which predominates, under different creeds, in 

 Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Great Britain, Prussia, a part of Germany and of Switzerland. 

 This faith has also numerous professors in Hungary, Transylvania, and France. Its principal 

 branches are the Lutheran, the Presbyterian or Reformed, and the Episcopalian Churches. 

 (2.) Mahometanistn, or Islamism, is professed by the Turks. (3.) The Mosaic or Jewish 

 religion. There are about 2,500,000 Jews scattered throughout Europe. They are not tol- 

 erated in Spain, Portugal, and Norway. In the Austrian States they have few pi'ivileges. In 

 Great Britain their situation is not quite satisfactory. In Russia the laws relating to them have 

 recently become very intolerant. In the States of the German confederation, in France, Prus- 

 sia, and the Low Countries, they enjoy the rights of citizens, and, in Poland, they aie eligible 

 to public employments. The Calmucks, and many of the Samoiedes, are Pagans. 



Fie JO of Religions in Europe. 

 Population. Population. 



Roman Catholics . . . 112,000,000 



Greek Catliolics • . .'i4 ,000,000 



Protestants 52,000,000 



Maliomraodans .... fi.OOO.OOO 



Jews 2,500,000 



Armenians :?00,000 



Pagans. (Buddhists. Hindoos, &c.) ' 



