98 



EUROPE. 



(P. pinaster), and Scotch fiis {P. sylvestris), now occupy the position held by the stone-pine 



[p. pinea), further south ; while sweet 

 chestnuts (^Castanea vesca), narrow- 

 leaved ash (Fraxinus oxyphylla) , the 

 flowering ash{ Ornus Europcea),niastich- 

 trees, &c., do not thrive further north, 

 in a wild state. Still more to the north, 

 where the vine begins to languish, its 

 place is occupied by fields of wheat and 



European Oak. 



Rye and Oats. 



Other corn ; the hardier trees, elms, lime [Tilia Europcea), oaks, ashes, alders (^sambucus) , 

 beeches ( fagus), birches (beliila), willows (salix), and poplars (populns), are found every- 

 where. At last, in the more northern districts, aspens (Populus tremula), h'nd-cherr'ies {Pru- 

 nus Padus), birches, lime-trees, alders, junipers, spruce-firs (Mies excelsa), and pines, are the 

 principal trees that remain ; barley and oats are the only corn-plants, but potatoes continue to 

 be reared in the short cold summers. To the north of the limit of the olive, turnips and buck- 



Barley and Wheal 



Hops. 



Hemp. 



wheat {Polygonum fagopynim) are cultivated advantageously, as are also hemp, flax, hops, 

 carrots, parsnips, common clover, beans, vetches, and lucerne, as common field-crops. In still 

 hifhnr latitude?, the predominant forms of hfrhareous vegetation are nnmorous speries of ranun- 



