ITALY. 



it is impossible to give any authentic statements as to the revenue, debt, and mihtary force. 

 The laws are founded on the civil law of the Roman empire, and the canon law. The edicts 

 of the king have also the force of laws. 



20. Colonies. Even since the loss of Brazil, the colonial possessions of Portugal are ex- 

 tensive and valuable. In Asia, she possesses Goa and Diu in Hindostan, Macao, and part of 

 the island of Timor, forming together the viceroyalty of India, with 600,000 inhabitants. In 

 Africa, the Cape de Verd and Madeira islands ; the isle of St. Thomas and Prince's island, in 

 the Gulf of Guinea ; some factories in Senegambia ; Angola, on the western coast, and the gov- 

 ernment of Mozambique, on the eastern, with about 1,400,000 inhabitants, are occupied or 

 claimed by Portugal. The Azores also belong to Portugal. 



21. History. The early histoiy of Portugal is connected with that of Spain. Alphonso the 

 Sixth, king of Castilo "nd Leon, bestowed this country upon Henry of Transtamare, a brother 

 of the Duke of Burgundy, with the title of Count of Portugal, at the same time declaring the 

 country independent of Castile. Henry's son, Alphonso the First, won a victory over the Moors, 

 and was crowned king of Portugal by his soldiers, on the field of battle, in 1 139 ; Philip the 

 Second of Spain conquered the kingdom and annexed it to his own crown in 1581 ; but the in- 

 dependence of Portugal was restored in 1640. The kingdom was overrun by the French ar- 

 mies in 1807, and the royal family fled to Brazil ; but the French evacuated it the following year. 

 The usurpation of the crown by Don Miguel threw the afl'airs of Portugal into a state of great 

 disorder, and has been followed by a disastrous series of civil wars and revolutions. 



CHAPTER LXXIX. GENERAL VIEW OF ITALY. 



87 91 95 , i 



1. Boundaries and Extent. Italy is bounded on the north and northwest by the Alps, 



