676 



STATES OF THE CFIURCH. 



neighborhood are celebrated baths. Population, 20,000. Leghorn is the chief seaport of 

 Tuscany. It is a neat, well-buih, and busy town, with a tolerable harbor. The streets are 

 filled with Europeans, Turks, Jews, Armenians, Greeks, and Moors, exhibiting a most pic- 

 turesque variety of costume. Works of art and architectural monuments do not exist here. 

 The commerce of the place is very active. Population, 66,000. 



Sienna, a large and handsome city, was also once the capital of a flourishing republic ; but, 

 like many other cities of Italy, it is now much reduced, having only 18.000 inhabitants. Its 

 university and academy of science have much celebrity. Pistoia has a celebrated manufacto- 

 ry of organs, and manufactures of wool, gold, silver, and firearms. Population, 12,000. 



9. Jlgriculture. Corn, wine, and oil are common productions. The valley of the Arno 

 is divided into very small farms, separated by rows of trees or small canals. The Maremma 

 pastures great numbers of sheep and horses. Chestnuts are an important production ; in some 

 parts they are used for bread. 



10. Commerce, Trade, and Manufactures. Tuscany is one of the most industrious coun- 

 tries of Italy. Silk manufactures are the principal branch of industry in the Florentine cities. 

 Straw hats are made in great numbers by women, in the valley of the Arno. The other man- 

 ufactures are linen, broadcloth, soap, perfumes, letter paper, china, marble, coral, alabaster, 

 and mosaics. Leghorn has a considerable commerce with the Levant, Europe, and America. 



11. Government, Population, &c. The government is an absolute monarchy. The reve- 

 nue is above 3,000,000 dollars. There are 4,000 regular troops, besides militia. Tuscany 

 has no navy, and her vessels are protected by the Austrian flag. The population is 1,330,000. 

 Of these 15,000 are Jews. 



12. Religion and Education. The religion of the people is Roman Catholic ; the number 

 of priests is about 8,000, and education is exclusively in their hands. There are universities 

 at Pisa, Florence, and Sienna. There are also many secondary institutions or colleges, and 



♦ females are instructed in the convents. Schools for elementary instruction have also been es- 

 tablished in all the towns, but though Tuscany is the best educated country in Italy, not one 

 half of the population can read or write. 



13. History. Tuscany was anciently called Etruria. Florence, Pisa, and Sienna were 

 important republics during the middle ages. The Medici of Florence amassed great wealth 

 by commerce, and finally obtained the sovereign authority of the city. This family became 

 extinct in 1737, when the Grand Duchy passed to the Duke of Lorraine. This territory was 

 in 1792 made a republic under the name of the Commonwealth of Etruria. Afterwards it 

 became the kingdom of Etruria, and then a part of the French empire. In 1814 the Grand 

 Duchy was reestablished. 



CHAPTER LXXXV. STATES OF THE CHURCH, OR THE PAPAL 



DOMINIONS. 



1. Boundaries, Divisions, &c. This territory occupies the centre of Italy. It is washed 

 on the northeast by the Adriatic and on the southwest by the Mediterranean. On the north it 

 is bounded by the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, on the southeast by the kingdom of Naples, 

 and on the west by Modena and Tuscany. Its extreme length is 260 miles from north to 

 south, and its breadth from 20 to 95 miles. It contains 17,500 square miles. The Duchy 

 of Benevento, and the principality of Ponte Corvo are two small districts belonging to this 

 territory, insulated in the kingdom of Naples. 



2. Rivers. The Tiber, though not the largest stream in Italy, is the first in classical celeb- 

 rity. It rises in the Apennines, near the source of the Arno, and passes through the city of 

 Rome to the Mediterranean ; it is 200 miles in length, and has a full stream but narrow ; it is 

 only 300 feet wide at Rome. There is no other river of importance within this territory. The 

 northern boundary is washexl by the Po. 



3. Lakes. The lake of Perugia near the city of that name, is the ancient Thrasymenus, 

 and is famous for a battle between Hannibal and the Romans. It is a beautiful sheet of water, 

 4 miles across, bordered with gently sloping hills, everywhere covered with woods or cultivated 

 fields, and rising at a distance into mountains. The lakes of Jllbano and JS\mi are charmingly 

 situated among hills. There are other small lakes. 



4. Climate. The climate is mild, but tne mountains are covered with snow from October 



