706 



EUROPEAN TURKEY. 



palaces, kiosks, and groves ; among the villages, Buyukdere, in which the European ambassa- 

 dors pass the summer, and Belgrade., are the most remarkable. 



Mrianople, which was long the residence of the sultans, and is considered the second capi- 

 tal of the empire, is situated upon a small stream, near its confluence with the Maritza. The 

 mosque of Sehm, the immense dome of which is supported by pillars of porphyry ; the bazar, 

 with its gallery a quarter of a mile in length, and the ancient palace of the sultans, a magnificent 

 edifice, are its principal buildings. It has a flourishing trade and extensive manufactures, with 

 100,000 inhabitants. 



The other principal towns of Rumelia are Pliilippopoli, with 30,000 inhabitants, who carry 

 on a brisk trade and manufactures of silk, woolen, and cotton ; Gallipoli^ a large commercial 

 city, upon the Strait of the Dardanelles, with 80,000 inhabitants ; and Sclimnia^ near the Bal- 

 kan, noted for its fairs, its rose-water, and its manufacture of arms, with 20,000 inhabitants. 

 The fortresses of Sestos and Jlbydos, the latter in Asia, upon the Hellespont, have acquired 

 celebrity in poetry. 



Salonica^ in the southern part of Macedonia, upon a gulf of the same name, is the second 

 city of European Turkey in commercial importance. It also has extensive manufactures of 

 cotton, silks, carpets, morocco, &c. It contains a great number of mosques, whose domes and 

 minarets give it a fine appearance from the sea. The Jews and Greeks are numerous here. 

 Population, 70,000. To the southeast of Salonica is Mount Mws^ called by the modern 

 Greeks the Holy Mount, celebrated for its 22 convents, its 500 chapels and grottoes, inhabited 

 by above 4,000 monks ; they export wax, images of saints. &c. Seres, with 30,000 inhabi- 

 tants, is situated in an unhealthy spot, and is chiefly remarkable for its cotton trade. 



Larissa, with 30,000 inhabitants, is the most important town of Livadia. Its manufactures 

 of cotton, silk, morocco, and tobacco, and its extensive dye-works, contribute to render its 

 commerce flourishing. In the neighborhood are the JMeteora, or heights, a series of monas- 

 teries hewn out of the precipitous rocks, to which the only access is by means of baskets drawn 

 up by ropes. Sophia, a large but meanly built city, has 46,000 inhabitants. 



Shumla, one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, has important manufactures of copper, 

 leather, silk, and iron. Silistria, upon the Danube, with 20,000 inhabitants ; Rustshuk, 30,000, 

 an important manufacturing and commercial town ; Varna, upon the Black sea, remarkable for 

 its fortifications and fine harbor, with 16,000 inhabitants ; Widin, also a strong fortress, and a 

 commercial town, with 25,000 inhabitants ; JYicopolis, 10,000, and Sistova, with 21,000, are 

 the chief places in Bulgaria. 



Yanina, capital of Albania, previous to the recent wars in that district, had a population of 

 40,000 souls. But the rebellion of Ah Pacha in 1S22, involved this city in ruin. Suli, cap- 

 ital of a rugged region of Albania, is chiefly remarkable for the heroic resistance of its inhab- 

 itants, the Suliots, to the attacks of Ali. Arta, 9,000 inhabitants, upon the gulf of the same 

 name, and Prevesa, 8,000, upon the same gulf, are important commercial towns. Scutari, 

 upon the lake of the saine name, contains 20,000 inhabitants, who are engaged in the fisheries, 

 ship-building, and the manufacturing of arms, and woolen and cotton goods. It is strongly for- 

 tified, and is one of the principal fortresses on the western frontier. 



Cettina is remarkable as the chief place of the district inhabited by the Montenegrins, a 

 warlike tribe of mountaineers, who have maintained their independence of the Turks. Bosna- 

 Serai, in Bosnia, is a large city with strong mihtary works, numerous mosques and baths, and 

 an imperial palace. Its manufactures of arms, hardware, woolen and cotton goods, and leath- 

 er, are important, and it is the centre of a brisk transit trade. Population, 70,000. 



Bucharest, the capital of Wallachia, is a large and dirty town, situated in a marshy plain, on 

 a confluent of the Danube. The streets, like those of Jassy, are not paved, but covered with 

 planks. It contains 60 churches, several convents, &c., and has a population of 80,000. 

 Tergovist, formerly a large city and the residence of the hospodar, is now on the decline, and 

 has but 5,000 inhabitants. Brailow, on the Danube, formerly remarkable for its fortifications, 

 which have been demolished, and Crajova, a place of considerable trade, with 8,000 inhabit 

 ants, are the other towns of Wallachia. 



The capital of Servia is Smedreno, or Semendria, a small town with about 12,000 inhabit- 

 ants, situated on the Danube. Belgrade, the principal city of Servia, is one of the strongest 

 fortresses of Europe, and is held by a Turkish garrison. It has manufactures of silk, cotton, 

 leather, carpets, and arms, and considerable trade. Population, 30,000. 



Jassy, an irregularly and meanly built town, with 27,000 inhabitants, is the capital of Molda- 



