HUNGARIAN STATES. ^ 731 



Moldavia ; southeast and south hy Wallachia ; and west by Hungary. It hes ueuveen 45° 

 25' and 48^ N. latitude, and between 22° 30', and 27° E. longitude. Its length is 180, 

 and its breadth 150 miles ; and it contains 23,000 square miles. It is surrounded on all sides 

 by ranges of mountains, some of which are covered with perpetual snow. It contains many 

 delightful valleys, watered by innumerable streams, which enter the Jllarosch and Alauta, the 

 two main rivers of the country. There are several lakes and marshes " among the latter of 

 which the Hellmorass, near Kovaszna, is remarkable on account of its unfathomable depth. 

 The climate is more temperate and wholesome than that of Hungary ; but the water in many 

 places is strongly impregnated with minerals, and is apt to produce cholics. The soil is good, 

 and the rich pastures feed vast numbers of black cattle. There are extensive forests, inhabited 

 by buffaloes, bears, lynxes, elks, wild asses, wild boars, chamois, ermines, and beavers. It has 

 valuable mines of gold, silver, and cop}>er ; also of iron, quicksilver, lead, zinc, and antimony ; 

 and produces great quantities of "fossil salt. Klauscnberg, or Kolosvar^ the capital of Tran- 

 sylvania, on the Szamos, contains 20,000 inhabitants. Maros Vasarhely^ or Meumarkct, on 

 the Marosch, has several fine buildings ; among others, is the palace of Tekeli, with a library 

 of 00,000 volumes. Population, 9,500. Ilerniannstadt, with 18, COO inhabitants, and Kron- 

 staiU, with 25,000, are the other principal towns. 



Agriculture is the principal occupation of the inhabitants, but it is still carried on in a very 

 primitive manner. The trade is in the hands of the Greeks and Armenians ; and the importa- 

 tion probably exceeds the exportation. There are no manufactures of imj)orlance. Popula- 

 tion, 2,000,000. 



In 1004, Transylvania was subdued by Stephen, king of Hungary, who introduced Christi- 

 anity. Some centuries afterwards, it was divided between two rival factions, one of which was 

 supported by the house of Austria, and the other by the Ottoman Porte ; and in 1606, the 

 successors of the latter power obliged the court of Vienna to acknowledge the independence 

 of Transylvania. It was ceded to the Austrians, by the treaty of Cailowilz in 1699, and all 

 claims were settled by the peace of Belgrade, in 1740. 



3. The Military Frontiers. This country extends along the Turkish frontiers from the 



Adriatic to Galicia, and surrounds the provinces of Croa- 

 tia, Sclavonia, Hunagry, and Transylvania. The superficial 

 extent is 18,400 miles. The Sclavonians form the largest 

 proportion of the inhabitants, amounting to above 800,000. 

 There are also 122,000 Wlaches, 80,000 Magyars and 

 Szeckhelyi, 9,000 Germans, 1 ,500 Klementins, and about 

 1,500 Greeks, Jews, and Gypsies. There is no nobility, 

 nor any privileged class among the inhabitants of the fron- 

 tiers, which yet form a complete military state, having ma- 

 ny points of resemblance to the feudal institutions of the 

 middle ages. The frontier government was originally cre- 

 ated to protect the empire, of which it forms a part, against 

 the invasion of barbarians, and in later times to form a 

 cordon sanitaire against the plague. All landed property 

 is held by a kind of fief, on condition of military service 

 in peace and war. Only such boys as are not fit for the 

 service are allowed to engage in any other occupation than 

 that of arms. There are 4 divisions of the military fron- 

 tiers, containing In all 1 1 towns, 24 boroughs, 4 fortresses, 

 and 1,995 villages. 



?^''''='-,j^^^^e^*«-<ia<oi«^fS^ This kingdom is bounded north by Hun- 



^'ssi.-.:^is*ii=s=3«=Sg^sr<fQ«*e: gary, east by Bosnia and Rumella, and south and west by 



Guard of Military Frontier. ^j^^ Adriatic. It lies between 42° 15', and 44° 25' N. lat., 



and contains about 5,800 square miles. The interior is intersected by high mountains. The 

 principal rivers are the Zermagna, the Cettina., the Jfarenta., and the Kerka. On the latter 

 river, the whole course of which is 60 miles, are several fine cascades. There are numerous 

 lakes well stored with fish. The whole coast is indented with creeks and bays, and skirted by 

 a great number of islands. The bay of Cattaro forms the best harbor in the Adriatic. 



The climate of Dalnaatia is very mild, and, on the whole, like that of the south of Italy ; 



