April 13, 1912. 



THE GARDENERS* MAGAZINE 



299 



Astrachan, Beauty of Bath, Belle de Pon- 

 toise, Beauty of Kent, Ben'^ Eed, Bismarck, 

 Blenheim Orange, Brabant Bellefleur, 

 Cellini, Cox« Orange Pippin, Cockle Pippin, 

 Cox's Pomona, Duchess's Favourite, Egre- 

 mont Russet, Fearn's Pippin, Gladstone, 

 (lolden Noble, Golden Spire, Graham's Royal 

 Jubilees Grenadier, Haml)ling's Seedling, 

 High Cannons, Hoary Morning, Holland- 

 bury, King of Tompkins' County, Lane*s 

 Prince Albert, Lady Henniker, Lady Sudeley, 

 Loddington, Lord Derby, Lord Suffield, MerL» 

 de Meniige, Old Hawthornden, Old Nonpa- 

 reil, The Queen, Ribston Pippin, Rival, 

 Graham 8 Royal Jubilee, Sandringham, 

 Seaton House, Stirling Castle, Striped 

 Beefing, Sturmer Pippin, Waltham Abbey 

 Seedling, Warner's King, William's Favou- 

 rite, and Worcester Pearmain. 



Strawberries 



seem to be less dependent on insect pollina- 

 tion than any other of our hardy fruits, 

 though to these bees are probably beneficial, 

 especially when during a dull, rainy season 

 there are intervales when these insects can 

 work. 



To te<st the effect of excluding bees and 

 other insects from strawberry blossoms, the 

 frame of a hand-light was placed over 

 strawberry plant, muslin was tied over this 

 by a string round the upper rim of the 

 fitame. The weather during blo&soming 

 time was fine, with a good deal of wind. The 

 fruit set and matured on the enclosed plant 

 ])ractically as well as on thoise around in the 

 open ; muslin bags were also placed over un- 

 oixmed bloKsoms of plants of several varie- 

 ties, but in general tlm-^e set their fruit 

 well, or nearly as well, as tho-se not pnclo&ed. 

 Apparently the movement of the wind carries 

 the pollen from the anthers to the stigma of 

 the strawberry flower in the open field or 

 garden. 



Raspberries a.nd 



Where thetse fiowers were 

 the fruit-s set^ but wcrr 



and well devfli>]3ed 

 open. 



large 



bagged in muslin 

 not generally so 

 as ihf in the 



General Conclusions. 



Fruit blossoms generally are dependent on 

 the vi^iits of inseets, and from want of these 

 many fruit plantations do not yield their 

 best; Ijeen are absolutely essential to goose- 

 berries, black and red currants, and very 

 largely so to pear, apple, plum, and cherry, 

 and where there are not hive bees near and 

 but few wild Ix^es. one or more hives of bees 

 should be placed in the plantation. 



In the case of most varieties of apples, 

 pears, plums, and cherrie-^. it \^ advantage- 

 ous to have a different varii^ty tl(>wering at 

 approximately tlie same time in every third 

 or fourth row for better cross-pollination and 

 consequent setting of fruit. 



PLANT VEINS. 



The venation^ or vein system, of all 

 plants is extremely interesting. It diflters 

 fiom that of animals in one important re- 

 spect. In animals, ^i)eaking generally, 

 there is a double (system, ono which con- 

 veys the blood, revitalised l)y contact with 

 oxygen in the lungs, to the system of arte- 

 ries and minor channels which pervade the 

 body, and by means of this supply do all 

 the work of repair and growth. The other 

 system gathers up the now-exhausted blood 

 and carries it to the lungs for revivifica- 

 tion, the waste of the system which it has 

 collected in its course being practically 

 burnt up there, with the consequent pro- 

 duction of the carbonic acid which is 



since from the leaves all tlie materials are 

 ilerived for the growth of supporting stems 

 or trunks, or the fabrication of flowers, 

 iseeds, and fruits, which do little or none 

 of the manufacturing aforesaid, the green 

 cells alone being the active agency. Thus 

 in the potato, for exam))le, we see large 

 masses of nutritious starchv material stores 



up in the tuber, all of which has I>een trans- 

 mitted thither from the foliage above. 

 Neither do we find in plants, as in animals, 

 the same clearly defined tubular channels 

 for the conveyance even of the main sup- 

 ply of sap. A section of a tree trunk, or 

 branch, or twig, shows merely a core of 

 wood and a cover of bark or skin, and be- 

 tween the two, bv the aid of a lens, we 

 will find 



an 



arrangement of cells whose 



A BEAUTIFUL WATER LILY. 



Ill tile li>t i)\ water \]\\vs <<>ut ril)ut('d to 

 out- i^sui^ nt th*^ (iib in^t.. Mr. .1. Hudson, 

 V.M.H.. nuMitioiis tin* beautiful Nyiuphiea 

 Attra^'tioii, wlii< li is uiupu'st ionably one of 

 the finest of the iirilliaut re(l-< rimMin varit^- 

 tu^s. It is tret^ ill jj;r<)Wth and profuse in 

 flowiM'inn;. and the hi rge hril 1 ia nt 1 v-i (»h)n rc^l 

 fl(iW(Ms present .so altra<-ti\e ;i j >|iea ra lu e 

 iJs to at ouee attraet tht* attention of t host^ 

 who have ha<l an opp<u t unity (tt ^remi; ibe 

 line etiMeetinii of water lilit's in tlie (illnner<^- 

 hurv House i;anhwis. S<viiie fi]iely-<ieveh)ped 

 bhicHMs 1)1 this variety and Mrs. Kiehniond, 

 which received an Aw a rd of M<>rit , were 

 shown l)v Mr. Hudson at oiu- ol tlie ineet- 

 nii^.s ]u*!,| l)v the Uoval Ho rli ! tura I So- 



i'loiy in Aiii;iisi i.-ist. jhhI both \arieties ;it- 

 t 'ihumI in neb a I tent ion. nun e esp(^eiall\' 

 iroin those who a?*' i nt 4're.ste<l in ihe water 

 hiios and a|»|»reviaie iheii value in eiihane- 

 Hti;- the att raei it ins :inil in! erest of 1 he 



gii rilen. 



G.M , I9l8, 



XYMPH.EA ATTKA< HON. 



A recently introduced water lily^ remarkable for the tine ionn and rich colour of 

 tlo\\ers. Tlie bloom illustrated is one of several shown by ]Mr. J. Hudson, V.M.H., 



one of the R.H.S. meetings in Aiigust last. 



its 

 at 



always present in our exi)ired lireath. lu 

 phiiit.s, on the other lunul. there is onlv 



■ tlie 



i)\w system, which, commencing 



in 



roots/gather.s U]) there the requisite water 

 and <^arthy salts, and transmits it upwards 

 to the leaves, wherein the materials it 

 contains are utilised under tlie influence of 

 the light, and eomliine with the carh(Mii.' 

 acid which the leaves have absorbed from 

 ih*^ air to iorm the materials of growth, 

 and th(^ fruits, and th( myriads of products, 

 boons and l)anes, uliich, as we know , veg»«- 

 tat ion pro\ id<\s, 



There is thus in plants no obvious re- 

 luin venous system, hut. nevertheless, it is 

 (juite ob\iuus lliat a return flow exists. 



juDviiu^e it is to convey sap in one direction 

 to the leaves, and in the other direction to 

 receive, and. in part . to transmit, the 

 material for building up tlie animal ring of 

 wood u])(>u the central core. 



If, as in the grasses, we find a hollow 

 <outi-e, this plays no part as a vein, but 

 merelv means an economy of material plus 

 an increase of strength, since, curiously 

 enou<rh. a tube of fair thiekness is stronger 



a solid of sauH* diameter in many 



Itv tht* r<^la I ]yo re- 



than 



Avavs, as we mav se(^ 

 sistaiu-e against heuding or breaking (d a 

 bamboo and a cane. Tlu* transmission of 

 sap and return material must take )»laee 

 lar'^^lv throuo;h the permeability of the 



