based on the Principle of Cephalization. 93 



saline as in some inland lakes, or waters only brackish, are here 

 included. 



But ocea7iiG waters, although saline, are not properly impure. 

 Of the sub-kingdoms and the classes containing aquatic animals, 

 the highest groups are those of marine waters. Thus, the highest 

 of Mollusks, the Cephalopods, are marine; the highest of Eadiates, 

 the Echinoderms ; the highest of Fishes, the Selachians ; of Crus- 

 taceans, or the Maioid or Triangular Crabs ; of Worms, the Dorsi- 

 branchs ; of Acalephs, all but the Plydroids are marine ; while 

 all species of Echinoderms and Polyps are marine. Among the 

 subordinate groups there are some fitted particularly for fresh 

 water. Types that belong to fresh water sometimes have inferior 

 species in brackish or salt water ; and those that belong to 

 salt water sometimes have inferior species in brackish or fresh 

 water. 



(3.) Species of cold climates inferior to those of ivarm. — Ac- 

 cording to the 15th canon, the highest oviparous animals should 

 be tropical species ; but not necessarily so the viviparous Mam- 

 mals, since, with them, the requisite temperature for embryonic 

 development is obtained within the parent. 



An exception to this, as regards oviparous species, is afforded 

 by Crustaceans ; for, as shown by the writer, the highest kinds, 

 the Maioid or Triangular Crabs, have their fullest development in 

 the cooler temperate zone. 



(4). Having a wide range with regard, to any of the eartKs phy- 

 sical conditions, as (a) climate^ (b) height^ (c) oceanic temperature^ 

 (d) oceanic depth, (e) hygrometric conditions, 8fc.^ commonly a mark 

 of inferiority. — For if the development of a high order of cepha- 

 lized life requires rest for a while in the young, as, for example, 

 the nursing time in the higher Mammals and Birds, and the Pupa 

 state in Insects, and also an absence from diluting or impure 

 waters and the presence of the full light of the sun, it should also 

 equally demand precise or narrowly restricted limits in all physi- 

 cal conditions, these being essential to the more refined or delicate 

 chemical or vital processes. Man is the chief exception to this 

 law, — and for the reason that he is not simply in and of nature, 

 but also above nature, and has the w^ill and power to bring her 

 forces under subjection, overcoming the rigours of climate, and 

 subjugating other inimical agencies by his art. Protophytes and 

 Man are the only species that have the range of the world — the 

 one because so low, the other so high. The Dog accompanies Man 

 in his wide wanderings : but only through the virtue which is in 

 Man, who provides the artificial heat, protection, and food his 

 brute attendant needs. Even the human race dwindles in ex- 

 tremes of climate, either hot or cold. 



Recapitulation, — The following are the names of the several 



