262 On the Classification of Animals 



Arranging the divisions according to the relations of the 

 groups to the animal-type, instead of the special type of each 

 class, the table takes the following form : — 



Subkingdom?. 



a. Vertebrates. 



/8. Articulates. 



y. Mollusks." 



a. D. 



h, „ 



c. ,, Radiates. 



d. „ 



e. „ 



Vertebrates. 

 Mammals. 

 Birds. 

 Reptiles. | 

 Fishes. i 



Articulates. 



Insecteans. 



Crustaceans. 



Worms. 



Mollusks. Radiates. 



Ordinary. 



Ascidioids. 



Bryozoans. 



Echinoderra! 



Acalephs. 



Polyps. 



The letters c, e, stand for different grades of phytoid degra- 

 dational, 6, hemiphytoid, and a, degenerative. The blank in- 

 terval between Mollusks and Radiates is filled up by the inferior 

 divisions of the higher subkingdoms. 



We may now consider the subdivisions under some of the 

 classes ; and first, those of Vertebrates. 



3. Higher subdivisions of the class of Mammals. — The higher 

 subdivisions of the class of Mammals are four in number: Man, 

 Megasthenes, Microsthenes, and Ootocoids, as explained in the 

 preceding volume of the American Journal, Man is shown to stand 

 apart from the Megasthenes on precisely the same characteristic 

 that separates the two highest orders under the classes severally 

 of Insecteans and Crustaceans ; for, in passing from Man to the 

 brute Mammals, there is a transfer of the forelimbs from the 

 cephalic to the locomotive series. 



Moreover, a study of the Vertebrate skeleton has shown that 

 the forelimbs in the Vertebrate type, as well explained by Pro- 

 fessor Owen, are cephalic appendages^ being normally appendages 

 to the posterior or occipital division of the head. In the Fish, 

 these forelimbs (the pectoral fins) have at any rate an actual 

 cephalic position (back of which position they are thrown, by dis- 

 placement, in other Vertebrates). Now, in Man, they are not 

 only cephalic in normal structural relations, but cephalic also in 

 use. The transfer of these cephalic organs to the locomotive 

 series, by which the brute structure is made, is a manifest degra- 

 dation of the type. Man is thus the only Vertebrate in which 

 the Vertebrate-type is expressed in its perfection, and therefore 

 occupies alone the sublime summit of the system of life. 



Three of the orders of Mammals, namely, Man, Megasthenes, 

 and Microsthenes, are typical of different grades, and one, Ooto- 

 coids, is semidegradational. 



The Ootocoids may be divided into three groups — a m^egas- 



