10 



Cambridge. The peat had grown into and filled the cavities of the 

 skull and all the bones. On the removal of the peat from the frontal 

 bones, a stone celt was disclosed, broken off short in the forehead, 

 which it had pierced, and had been apparently left there as useless 

 by the hunter, to whose skill the mighty beast had fallen. The 

 specimen is now in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. 



I was present at the disinterment of two magnificent pairs of 

 horn-cores at Hford, in the Brick-earth of the Thames valley, only a 

 short time since. This species is readily distinguished from the 

 Bison by the large size, length, and curvature of the horn-cores and 

 by the form of the skull. Bos primigenius is found both in deposits 

 with human remains, and in those anterior to man's era. 



Of the Elephants, two forms, long confounded together, are now 

 known to have been contemporary with man in Europe, viz., 

 1. Elephas antiquus, Falc, and 2. Elephas primigenius, Blum. 



The former of these (E. antiquus) was long considered as identical 

 with E. primigenius, but Dr. Falconer has shown that by the 

 characters of the molar teeth they may be distinguished. 1st. By 

 the narrowness of the tooth in proportion to its length and height. 

 2nd. By the great height of the plates, being twice that of the 

 width of the crown. 3rd. Mesial rhomboidal expansion of disks 

 of wear. 4th. Great crimping of the enamel plates. 



The tusks of E. antiquus are nearly straight. The remains of 

 this species are almost as widely distributed in our bone-caverns 

 and Kiver-valley gravels and Brick-earths, as are those of E. 

 primigenius. No fewer than 2,000 elephants' grinders are' re- 

 corded by my father, the late Mr. Samuel Woodward, as ascertained 

 to have been dredged during a period of thirteen years upon the 

 oyster-bed off Hasboro', on the Norfolk coast ; " by far the largest 

 number of these," says Dr. Falconer, " belong to Elephas antiquus" 



Elephas primigenius (the " Mammoth," properly so called,) pos- 

 sesses unusual interest in connection with early man. Not only 

 because it is one of those forms which, there is reason to believe, 

 extended back into Pre-glacial times ; but also because it is ap- 

 parently brought so near our own day by the discoveries of entire 

 bodies of this remarkable beast embedded in the frozen soil and ice 



