11 



of the great rivers of Siberia and in Behring's Straits ; no fewer 

 than nine of which are on record. Its range in geographical area 

 was equally great. It has been found in Ireland, Britain, through 

 Europe, from the extreme north to the hills of Rome, and from 

 France to the Ural Mountains, thence across Siberia into N. America, 

 and southward to the Ohio, where its remains occur with those of 

 the Mastodon in Big-bone -lick, Kentucky. 



In October, 1864, I had the pleasure to visit Ilford, in Essex, 

 and there see and examine the only existing cranium of Elephas 

 primigenius with the tusk attached which has ever been obtained and 

 preserved in this country. It is entirely owing to the skill and 

 great practical judgment of Mr. W. Davies, of the Geological 

 Department of the British Museum, that this fine fossil was ever 

 raised from its matrix to adorn our National Museum. 1 No doubt 

 hundreds of these remains have turned up in the valley of the 

 Thames alone, but never before was the requisite skill brought 

 to bear upon so unwieldy and friable a relic. The right tusk, which 

 was found detached from the skull, measured ten feet ten inches, in- 

 cluding the portion which in the left side is enclosed within the 

 alveolus. From the top of the cranium to the end of the socket of 

 the tusk is four feet. The circumference of the tusk, one foot from 

 the socket, is twenty-six inches. 



The three species of Bhinoceros are all extinct. Of the three — 



(1) B. megarliinus, or the great slender-limbed Rhinoceros, with largely- 

 developed nasals, appears to be characteristic of the Norfolk Forest- 

 bed and Grays Thurrock. It also occurs in France, associated with 

 the Mastodon brevirostris, and in Italy with the Mastodon arvemensis. 



(2) B. ticliorliinus and (3) B. leptorhinus are the two species 

 common to the ossiferous deposits of our caverns, and they also are 

 found together in the Brick-earth of Ilford. A unique skull (the 

 only one known) of Bhinoceros leptorhinus, was obtained from the 

 same brick-field at Ilford which yielded the Mammoth skull. We 

 are indebted also to Mr. Davies for the preservation of this most 

 valuable relic. All these Rhinoceri were bicom, and resembled the 

 Sumatran species. Like the Mammoth, the Rhinoceri had an enor- 



1 See Geological Magazine, 1868, Vol. V., p. 540, PI. XXII. and XXIII. 



