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mously extended range in Pre-historic times. One of the earliest 

 remains found in Eussian Siberia, imbedded in ice, was an almost 

 entire example of the great woolly B. tichorhinus, found in 1772 by 

 Pallas, on the banks of a tributary of the Lena, lat. 64 degrees. 

 This carcass emitted an odour like putrid flesh ; part of the skin was 

 still covered with short, crisp wool, with black and grey hairs. 

 The head and foot are preserved at St. Petersburg, in the Koyal 

 Museum. 



Hippopotamus major. — As might be expected, the remains of the 

 Hippopotamus are more frequently found in river-deposits than 

 in caves. Yet this remark does not hold good in all cases. Remains 

 have been found in one of the Gower Caves (Raven's Cliff), Durd- 

 ham Down Caves, in Kent's Hole near Torquay, Kirkdale, and other 

 localities, but in the Grottoes of San Ciro and Maccagnone, in 

 Sicily, the Hippopotamus remains formed by far the greater bulk. 

 Many ship -loads of these interesting relics were quarried and sent 

 to Marseilles and England to be used in sugar-refining ! Professor 

 Ferrara, who examined the remains, stated that the great mass 

 belonged to two species of Hippopotamus. Those collected by Dr. 

 Falconer are preserved in the British Museum, and identified with 

 H. major and H. Pentlandi. It is abundantly distributed through 

 our River-valley, gravel and Brick-earth deposits, and occurs from 

 Yorkshire southwards through England, France, Belgium, Spain, 

 Italy, etc. 



From observations of the habits of the living animal (H. ampliibius) 

 in South Africa, we learn that, where undisturbed, it frequents with 

 equal pleasure the coast as it does the rivers, and that north of Port 

 Natal they not only swarm in the rivers but upon the sea-shore, re- 

 reating to the sea when disturbed or attacked. Such evidence as 

 this enables us to understand the presence, in Pre-historic times, of 

 the Hippopotamus in Britain during the summer, even after this 

 country had been isolated from the Continent, although this seems 

 not to have been the case, until nearly the close of the Quaternary 

 period. 



A species of Marmot (the Spliermopliilus erythrogenoides of 

 Falconer), and another Rodent (Lagomys spelceus), a species of tail- 



