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pressed northward by the great tide of human beings which has 

 occupied their former territory, but also by the change in the 

 thermometer. Yast as was the range of the reindeer in past times, 

 we see how enormous is its kingdom in our own day. Through 

 Northern Europe, Asia, and America, it occupies the area from the 

 edge of the woods to the farthest northern latitude, crossing the 

 frozen sea fearlessly in vast herds from land to land. Sir Leopold 

 M'Clintock mentions seeing, on Melville Island, in April and May, 

 on two visits, 29 head of reindeer, two of which he shot. In July, 

 on two visits, he saw 74, and again shot one. On Prince Patrick's 

 Island, in May and June, he saw eight, and shot five. On Emerald 

 Island, in June, 13 head ; being a total of 124 head seen in these 

 three far northern islands, between 76° and 77° North lat. 



When migrating in Siberia, says the Russian Admiral von Wrangel, 

 the migrating body may consist of many thousand head of deer, and 

 though they are divided into herds of some 200 or 300 each, yet 

 they always keep so near as to form only one immense mass, some- 

 times 60 miles in length. In crossing the rivers they all follow the 

 same route. They select a place where a dry valley leads down to 

 the stream on one side and a flat sandy shore facilitates landing on 

 the other. As each separate herd approaches the river, the deer 

 draw more closely together, and the largest and strongest buck 

 takes the lead. He advances, closely followed by a few of the 

 others, with head erect, and apparently intent on examining the 

 locality ; having satisfied himself that all is right, he enters the 

 river, the rest of the herd crowd in after him, and in a few minutes 

 the surface is covered with them. It is doubtless due to casualties 

 in these migrations that we owe some, if not all, of our reindeer 

 bones in river-valley deposits. Detached antlers may easily be ex- 

 plained where they occur in quantities (as in the peninsula of 

 Gower, in South Wales) by the annual shedding of the horns ; but 

 most of those from the Caves have a part of the skull attached to the 

 burr of the horn. This is so in more than 50 from the Cave of 

 Bruuiquel, which have passed through my hands. 



In many of the Caverns of Central and Southern France we have 

 abundant evidence that the wild Horse was largely eaten by the 



