Not. 36, 1891. 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



S81 















35 Ft. Class. 









30 Ft. Class. 





















































Number 







35 and 30ft. Classes, 1891. 





Tigress, C.B. 



Polly, C.B. 



■bia, C.B. 



w 



rita, C.B. 



pq 

 O 



iS* 



PI 



red, K. 



ion. K. 



a 



k, C.B. 



M 



cq' 



6 



w 



a 



of 



Starters. 



Wind, 

 Weather 



and 

 Water. 















u 



0 



H 



Saon 



Seno 



1 



Mil^ 



Mlgi 



1 



tn 



Fane 



Harb 





35 Ft. Class. 



80 Ft. Class. 









Date. 



Club. 



Me as. 

 and 

 Class. 





L.W.L. 



34 4 



33 



33 



35 





28 



30 



30 



30 



i7.9 



30 



3 







1 





35 



35.9 



30 



o 

 H 







1 



May 80.. 





S,-W. 



24 



















2 



1 











3 



3 

 7 





Elf 3. 



3 



June 16. 





S.-W. 



27 



1 



9 



w 



















3 



7 





(, Clear 



Indra5. Portia to. 



Aglaia w. Severe squall in afternoon. 

 Chieftain w. 



Sweepstakes postponed, special match substituted. 



3 



June 17. 



Marine and Fiold, annual . . . 



s.— w. 



28 



1 



2 



IV 







w 















w 



7 







Clear 



4 



June 17. 



Massacliusetts, annual 



S.-VV. 



20 















w 



w 



W 





6 



6 

 3 



8, Gale, sea 



3 



.Tune 19. 



Eastern, special 



Cor. Marblehead, sweeps — 



S.-W. 



24 















i 

 1 



2 









8. Clear, rough... 

 I, Clear, smooth., 

 f, Clear 



6 



J une iiu. 



o.- w » 



20 



















3 



1 



3 









3 



3 



7 



June 33. 



Corinthian N. Y., annual — 



S.-C. 



17 



























1 





3 



3 



Delvyn 2. 



First prize, Kenyou Cup. 



Fluky race. Prizes for postponed sweeps of June If 



given in this race. 

 Handicap race, Mistral 3. 



Notusl. Mistrals. Estella 4, 



Mistral. 



Alcedo 1, Wayward 3. Doctor 1. Viking 3. 

 White Fawn 3. 



Pilgrim 4. Erin 6. White Fawn 8. 

 Pilgrim 1. 

 Chieftain 3. 



Prize given by Tigress goes to second boat. 

 Fluky race. 



8 



June 23 



vv . 



27 



1 



3 























3 



4 





4 



I, Clear 



9 



June 29. 







32 

 20 













2 







3 



1 



4 







4 



4 



m, Clear, mod, sea 



10 



July 4... 





C. 









4 



w 



1 















3 



5 





5 



11 



July 6 . , 

 July 7... 





o.— w . 



20 











3 

















4 





4 





13 





M.- W. 



23 













1 

















3 





3 

 6 





13 



July 11- 





S.-C. 



17 

























3 



3 



3 



I, Clear 



14 



July 17. 

 July 18.. 





i.Vl.~ v\ . 



15 





















1 





3 







3 



3 

 6 



/, Clear 



15 



Hull, first championship . . . 



M -W 



15 

















3 





2 





1 







6 



I, Clear 



16 



July 20 . 



Hull, second championship.. 



AT \sr 

 i>l.- w . 



18 

















5 





4 





3 







5 



5 





17 



July 33.. 



Eastern special 



G W 

 O.-- W . 



28 















1 







d.w 









3 



8 





18 



July 23.. 



Atlantic cruise 



S.-W. 



20 



1 





4 



















3 



4 





4 



/, Cltar 



19 



July 35 . 



Cor. Marblehead 



S.-W. 



10 













3 





1 











3 



3 



r, Raio, calms... 



20 



Aug.l.. 



Beverly, lirst champioEship. 



S.-W. 



10 



















l.*.o 











1 



1 





21 



Aug. 8.. 





S.-W. 



10 















3 



4 



2 



1 











4 



4 



I, Clear 





23 



Aug. 15. 



Fall River 



S.-W. 



15 























3 









3 



3 

 3 





Shark 1. 



33 



Aug. 32. 



Cor. Marblehead 



S.-W. 



10 















1 





3 













24 



Sept. 3.. 





M,-W. 



15 

















2 









3 







3 



3 





White Fawn 1. 



35 



Sept. 5. . 

 Sept. 7. . 

 Sept. 12. 





S.-W. 



10 





















3 



1 









3 

 5 





36 



Cor. Marblehead 



S.-W. 



10 















1 



2 



3 



w 

 3 



4 









5 



/, Foggy, rain, sea 

 /, Clear 











10 















1 

















3 



Sail clf. 















































4 



4 



4 



4 



2 



4 



9 

 5 



6 



7 



13 

 5 





8 





37 



63 



100 

















4 









3 





1 







1 

















4 



1 







1 



1 



1 



1 



1 





1 







































1 





























4 



4 



1 







3 



6 



1 



3 



6 



3 



3 



1 

















Total Prizes 







3 



1 









: 3. 



6 



1 



1 



5 





3 



1 























































S. Seawanhaka rule. C, Classed by corrected length. W, Classed by waterline length, s. o, Sail over, y, Grounded, ri, Disabled, ip, Withdrew, n. £, Not timed, p. Disqualified, with or 

 without protest, m, Private match. I, Lightwmd. m. Moderate. /, Fresh breeze, s. Strong wind. 



SEA-SICKNESS. 



TEN years ago I published in the pages of the Lancet (December 

 17, 1881), a paper on this subject, in which I ventured to propose 

 a new hypothesis of its etiology. That hypothesis has never. I be- 

 lieve, been criticised or contradicted, and thougti I cannot therefore 

 say it holds the flelei, I may well be excused if I venture once more, 

 through a different raediutn, and with further explanations, to make 

 a statement of my views. The question is one that possesses so little 

 interest for the great majority of medical men, and so much more 

 for the mass of the traveling and particularly the sea-going public; 

 its effects are so extensively felt and anpreciated; the Imowledge of 

 physiology, tbanks to the continued efforts of Professor Huxley and 

 others, is becoming so very widely diffused, and the study of sea- 

 sickness, which Is essentially a physiological study, is so well withm 

 the range of ordinary comprehension, I feel I hardly require an ex- 

 cuse for bringing the matter before tlie public. 



We know that sea-sickness is but seldom due to one individual 

 cause, but most commonly depends upon a combination, a concate- 

 nation, of causes; and it seems to me that one of its prmcipal physio- 

 logical conditions is the one that I have already suggested^ viz., a 

 rarity of the pulmonic atmosphere. Speaking roughly, and for our 



g resent purpose, the pneumogastric nerve (which I denominate the 

 ey of the position) supplies the larynx, the lungs and the stomach, 

 though these are not at all the only organs that it does supply. We 

 know too well enough, what reflex action means and how it happens: 

 it occurs in consequence of intimate nervous connection. We know 

 also that sensations are not always felt and do not always pi-oduce 

 effects where they originate or where they may occur, hue often in 

 some near or distant part of the economy^ but always in apart which 

 is more or less closely ard intimately connected with it in respect of 

 innervation. We can therefore well believe that irritation or di.'Stress 

 afifectlng a branch or branches of the pneumogastric may be reflected 

 therefrom, and so produce irritation and distress elsewhere. As 

 medical men we know it for a fact. 



The first effect of the vessel falling is a sen?e of apprehension, 

 which causes us instinctively, intuitively, automatically, involuntar- 

 ily, and almost unconsciously, to close the glottis and to hold the 

 breath, so as to be ready by fixing the chest for any great or small or 

 sudden exertion. The constant and continued repistition of this pro- 

 vokes and irritates the laryngeal branches of the pneumogastric 

 nerve, and is of itself sufficient in my opinion to upset the movements 

 of the stomach, and so produce nausea and vomiting. The next 

 effect of the continued fall is the descent of the large abdominal vis- 

 cera, which draw down and drag upon the diaphragm, and so extend 

 and elongate the thoracic cavity, that the pulmonic atmosphere be- 

 comes attenuated. This produces an effect upon the terminal fila- 

 ments of the pulmonic branches of the pneumogastric nerve (as we 

 find in the mal des montaignes) which also, being reflected to the 

 stomach, adds fuel to the fire, and results in sea-sickness. It will 

 thus be seen tolerably clearly and conclusively how and why it is 

 that in sea-sickness, pure and simple, I am disposed to throw the 

 blame upon the pneuaaogastric nerve, and I put it forward as a 

 rational and tangible physiological explanation of the phenomenon. 



Accept this merely as a hypothesis. What shall we expect to fol- 

 low? 



1. The good effect of certain drugs administered upon a rational 

 basis, and after certain methods, but always under medical advice, 

 and which for obvious reasons cannot be discussed here. The homeo' 

 paths, however, and the skeptics will be comforted when they hear 

 that some of the drugs may be taken mimimetrically. 



2. The only, yet the almost universal, inclination, to lie down and 

 do nothing, and the great relief from lying flat upon the back. 



3. The occasional failure of the adoption of this method, for even 

 then the laryngeal spasms may continue. 



4. The greater frequency and seventy of sea sickness in man than 

 m the lower animals, and in the erect than in the recumbent posture. 



5. Its dependence mainly on the lengthwise and jumping, jetlring 

 motion, rather than on the lateral. 



6. The almost invariable ultimate accommodation of the system to 

 the motion, when once tiiis susceptibility to fear and apprehension, 

 which is only natural, has been subdued by use and wont. 



7. Its occasional continuance in those who cannot control their 

 apprehensiveness, correct their intuitions, or accommodate them- 



selves to the movement, in other words those who are preternatu rally 

 sen'^itive ; and its occasional return in the case of old and practiced 

 sailors who have been too long ashore. 



8. Its frequent occurrence, even in the case of seasoned sailors, 

 when they leave a steamer for a sail boat, or vice versa, by reason of 

 the change in the character of the motion. Or when the system be- 

 comes disordered, and other things combine to produce nausea. 



9. The extraordinary effects that occur on landing when, the 

 motion having ceased, the sensations continue; in this respect im- 

 pressions on the pneumogastric nerve form no exception from the 

 rule of other nervous sensations. 



10. The good effects of abdominal pressure when properly applied. 



11. The relief experienced on bending low when the vessel falls, 

 and more particularly by drawing the deepest possible breath when- 

 ever the vessel begins to fall. 



12. Occasional immunity. 



I may say here that when a boy I found the latter plan (of No. 11) 

 effectual whenever I felt sea-sick; it seemed to come to me intuitively, 

 but I coidd not then explain it. I have often felt sea-sick, but never 

 was so, unless indeed one calls that sea-sickness when, 21 hours after 

 leaving London by boat for Leith, I was literally awakened in the 

 morning by a most abominable stench in the berth in which I was, 

 and rushed up on deck to relieve myself. I doubt if any amount of 

 inspiration could have prevented that, for the sickness then depended 

 on the sense of smell. But I can explain it now, in the way I have 

 done; and without prejudice it seems to me to be the most simple 

 and obvious explanation of the facts and one that is worth considera- 

 tion. 



I do not claim it as the only cause, for, as I have said, probably 

 many causes combine to produce it. That varieties exist I cannot 

 doubt; but would you call that sea-sickness when you catch a sea- 

 bird with a baited hook and the moment it is hauled on board it vomits 

 on the deck? I call it the vomiting of extreme terror. Do you call 

 that sea-sickness from which ol1 seamen are said to have suffered 

 lately on board the fast cruiser, H. M. S. Latona? I call it the sick- 

 ness of excessive motion. Is that sea sickness which is said to have 

 caused firemen in overheated stokeholes to jump overboard? I 

 should call it the insanity of drink, provoked by intense heat and 

 severe toil. Or would you apply the term to what once occurred 

 wit^hin my own knowledge in an open boat, when there was not a 

 ripple on the surface and hardly any movement to be felt, vet some 

 were sick? It is not worthy of the name, and is due entirely to men- 

 tal and sympathetic influeiice. Why is civilized man alone unable to 

 swim without practice, and why does he drown when he falls into 

 the water? He may be handicapped with clothes; but that is not the 

 reason, for he is not always clad. The answer is because he thinks 

 he cannot; he is handicapped with fear; he loses courage and forgets 

 to try. Again, some people are sick at sea because they think they 

 will be; then they feel so, and therefore are so (it is wonderful how 

 frequently ideas beget sensations, and such sensations actions). But 

 sickness such as this is hardly worthy of the name; I call it phan- 

 tom sickness. Professor Rosenbach, of Breslau. who has lately 

 written on the subject, truly says it is questionable if they are cases 

 of sea-sickness. I am at one with him in thinking that visual per- 

 ception is not an essential factor in the case; for if it were, it would 

 not happen in the dark so much as in the light, with the eves closed 

 as when they are kept open; the position of the body and "the direc- 

 tion of the motion would noc so much affect it, and It would be com- 

 paratively easy to control it. But I differ from him if he thinks that 

 toe determination of the moment at which the disturbance occurs, 

 which was pointed out by Herbert Mayo 60 years ago, affords any 

 explanation whatever of the phenomenon. ladmit, and always have 

 admitted, the co-operative influence of special sensation, and of 

 common sensation in the shape of passive motion and what is called 

 the muscular sense; I make due allowance for uustat)le equilibrium, 

 for mechanical disturbance of the stomach, disturbed relation be- 

 tween the fluids and solids of the body, the cerebro spinal and sub- 

 arachnoid fluids, and even the labyrinthine lymph; and I acknowl- 

 edge the effects of sympathetic and of mental, nay, even of moral, 

 influence, but still I look for something mce. 



To return now to the action of the glottis, I was passing along 

 Buchanan street the other day when I saw a hansom cab going 

 down the street in which the horse had slipped its bit. Instinct 

 urged the driver to check his horse by tightening the rein, but the 



more he pul'ed the faster went the horse, until at last some good 

 Samaritan seized the bridle and stopped it. Had the driver checked 

 his instinct by the lessons of experience, he would probably have 

 slackened the I'ein, and the horse would have stopped of its own 

 accord; apprehensiveness, however, prevented this. So we often 

 find that instinct and intuition have to be guided by experience. 

 The former, as I have said, usually lead us to close the glottis and to 

 fix the chest when the vessel falls, whereas the latter, viz., experi- 

 ence, supported now by reason, teaches us to leave the glottis open 

 and to breathe freely. The infant dandled in its nurse's arms (Bell 

 upon "Tlie Hand") "will be at rest as it is raised, but in descending 

 it will struggle and make efforts." The little child, tossed up and 

 down In its father's arms, may feel secure, bub objects to too much 

 roughness, and fears the same attention from a stranger. The down- 

 ward movement causes apprehension. 



There is in this, as in most other affections, a certain amount 

 of predisposition or the reverse to be considered. The man who goes 

 on board ship with an overloaded stomach, a system gorged by free- 

 dom at the table, and an indolent life, will here be called upon to pay 

 thepsnalty, to yield a tribute, for his quondam pleasure: while one 

 who has been temperate in the satisfaction of his appetite, and has 

 led an active or laborious life, is likely to prove a comparative good 

 sailor. This accounts for the comparative freedom of the very old 

 and very young; if affected at all, they are troubled less, the system 

 ts sooner habituated to the change, and the attack soon passes off. 

 In all my experience I very rarely, if ever, found that one who had 

 risen from the bed of sickness, especially that of any wasting disease, 

 was as much affected as one who had led what Is called a "pleasur- 

 able" life. Here at least, if nowhere else, the poor and sick come off 

 comparatively well, and Lazarus is often spared the sufferings of 

 Dives.— J, R. Stacker, M.B., M.B.C.P., in Nautical Magazine. 



10.— We have lately obtained the following dimensions of lo 

 the cutter which defeated the 25-footer Needle: 



L°ngth over all 28ft. 6in. 



l.w.l 23£t. 



Beam, extreme 8ft. 



Draft 5ft. lOin. 



Least freeboard 1ft. lOln. 



Ballast — 'ron keel, including floor and bolts.. 5,1'eOlbs. 



Headroom 6ft. 9in. 



Mast, fore side of stem 8ft. 



deck to cap 25ft. 9in. 



deck to sheave 87ft. Bin. 



Bowsprit outboard 13ft. 



Boom 25ft. 



Gaff 17ft. 



Perpendicular 36ft. 



Base 45 ft. 



Sail area, S. C. Y. C. (about) 900;q ft. 



Corrected length (aboat) 26.5ft. 



Mainsail 420sq. ft. 



Staysail 78 



Jib 154 



653 



Working topsail 140 



793 



A FITTING MEMORIAL.-Messrs. W. D. and A. James, the 

 former gentleman being the owner of the fine screw yacht Lan- 

 cashire Witch, have purchased a large piece of land at East 

 Cowes from Lord Gort, reported at a cost of £600. The ground 

 adjoins the field recently presented by Lord Gort to the inhabi- 

 tants of East Cowes for a recreation ground. The land has been 

 purchased for the purpose of erecting a large building to be used 

 as homes for aged seamen, and will be endowed by these gentle- 

 men as a lasting memorial to the memory of their late brother, 

 Mr. F. E. James. Plans have already been prepared and we hear 

 that the building wiU he commenced at an early date.— iand and 

 Water. [Mr. F. E. James, former osvner of Lancashire Witch, 

 was killed by an elephant some two years since while hunting 

 in Africa.l 



