FRUIT CULTURE IN FRANCE. 
169 
The Montreuil grower, endeavouring to ensure a continuous 
sale of fruit without any interval, has for some years largely 
grown Hale's Early as a connecting link between Amsden and 
Early Grosse Mignonne. The variety Baltet, which ripens about 
October 15, ends the season of good Peaches. 
In 1892 Montreuil produced 600,000 francs' worth of Peaches 
and Apples, and 200,000 francs' worth of other fruits; it also 
sent out a total of 800,000 francs' worth of vegetables, and 
flowers to the value of 300,000 francs, besides a quantity of 
Grapes, the produce of 45 hectares of vines. 
The Pear (Pyeus communis). 
We have now come to the most useful and popular fruit both 
for the table and for trade ; for on account of its successional 
ripening, its tempting appearance, and the variety in its flavour, 
the Pear will always offer great attractions to the gardener, 
the merchant, and the amateur fruit-grower. Between the 
Doyemid de Jiiillct and the Citron des Carmes, varieties which 
open the series of good Pears, and the Doyenne dliiver, the 
Bergainote Esperen, and the Charles Cognee varieties, which 
close the list ten or eleven months later, are to be found fifty 
different sorts, which means at least one sort a week— all selling 
readily, and already well known and appreciated by the con- 
sumers. 
There are a great many Pear-tree orchards in France supply- 
ing markets, towns, factories, farms, and private houses. Every- 
one knows the orchard of standard trees which entail no expense 
of cultivation, and also the orchard of dwarf or bush trees, which, 
however, produce less fruit, but of a much better quality than 
the standards ; moreover, a far greater number of trees can be 
planted on an equal space ; so that both systems are really 
profitable. I also recommend mixed orchards, composed of 
permanent standards interlined with temporary dwarf varieties ; 
this seems the most sensible and productive plan. The market 
gardeners and small cultivators round about Paris plant lines of 
Pear trees in the middle of their vegetable or other gardens, 
where they receive daily care. 
Summer Pears for Comriiercial Planting. — The small early 
Pears have a pretty appearance and sweet scent, and they are 
the first in the market. They always have a ready sale 
