318 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
costing 2s. a tree, or £10 a hundred. They were planted at the 
end of October or early m November in well-prepared situations. 
The following season a few Apples were produced, but the year 
after — i.e. the second year from time of planting — a crop was 
borne that sold at 225. per cwt., and averaged 3s. M. per tree. 
Of course this is an exceptional case, but it proves what can be 
done by planting dwarf trees carefully on suitable soil, with 
proper management afterwards ; and there is no reason why 
similar or possibly better results should not be achieved in the 
future. I may add that the trees have continued to bear heavy 
crops of fruit in almost every subsequent year. There are several 
other varieties which have produced nearly as good results in 
the same time ; these will be referred to under the notes on the 
most remunerative sorts to plant. 
The second advantage of dwarf trees is the ease with which 
all operations connected therewith can be performed from the 
ground level, as compared with standards, which require ladders, 
&c. Summer and winter pruning can be done in a more thorough 
manner, so that each shoot can have plenty of light and air, 
which, reacting on the fruit, causes it to attain a size and colour 
seldom found on standards, and consequently, when put on the 
market, the fruit realises top prices. 
Again, all who have standard Apple trees are aware of the 
difficulty experienced in combating insect pests ; in fact, when 
the trees arc high the grower is practically helpless, as a 
thorough washing is almost impossible. On the other hand, 
with bush trees every shoot and every leaf can be sprayed with 
a proved insecticide, and the enemies to a far greater extent 
destroyed. In the future the dealing with insect foes will 
demand close attention, if healthy trees and profitable crops arc 
to be secured. I am, therefore, strongly of opinion that dwarf 
trees are the best kind to plant, and I have for years proved their 
worth commercially. 
The third advantage of sucli trees is that by tlieir dwarfness 
they are much less injured by the gales than high trees are, 
from whicli most of the largest Apples arc not unfrcqucntly 
blown down and spoiled for market purposes. Witli the low trees 
tlie case is different, for it must be a very rougli wind indeed that 
will fetch any great quantity of fruit down ; such an occurrence 
only happens about once in four years if the situation is fairly 
