82 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



THE GARDEN OF ARTIFICIAL HILLS (TSUKIYAMA). 

 By Kenkichi Okubo. 



To give the definitions as precisely as possible, the trees, hills, and rocks 

 are indicated by numbers, as in the illustration. (Fig. 22.) 



The stone No. 1, called Shugo-seki, standing in the central part of the 

 garden, keeps all other stones in harmony. Other different names are 

 sometimes applied to it, as Takizoe-ishi, Fudo-seki, and Tachi-ishi. It 

 is called Shugo-seki (a commanding stone) because it is the sovereign 

 master of the garden. The name of Takizoe is also given it because it 

 stands beside a cascade. Or we call it Fudo-seki (an immovable stone), 

 for it is placed steadily, and with much care and attention. It has also 

 the name of Tachi-ishi simply because it is a perpendicular stone. More- 

 over, as the place where this stone is set is in the front part of the garden, 

 a good-shaped stone should be selected. Look at the illustration, and see 

 that it has to be placed opposite the stone No. 2. 



Hai-seki, No. 3, a worshipping stone, so called with veneration, must 

 be kept from defilement. For on it the Emperor in the Royal Court 

 and even people living in private houses have to worship the God of 

 Heaven. Thus, even if any of the other parts in the garden admit 

 omission, this stone must always be set in accordance with unvarying 

 rule. And if to make the garden lovely and picturesque the other rocks 

 and trees are placed in different ways, yet the position of this stone Hai- 

 seki will never be changed. It is to be placed on the middle island in 

 the pond, for the air is purer there than in other places. So, if it is in 

 the abbreviate style, there is excuse for the omission, but in the formal 

 style this stone should be placed strictly to the method. 



Shozo-seki or Taizo-seki, No. 4, whichever we call it, is a stone that 

 serves to balance all other things in the garden, the hills, rocks, trees, &c. 

 So the name of Shozo-seki (a counterbalancing stone) is applied to it. And, 

 although the number 4 is affixed to this stone, it is really the third of the 

 principal stones in the garden, being next in importance to Hai-seki and 

 Shugo-seki. It is situated on the lower ground, but it balances and 

 harmonises with the whole view of the garden, and without attaching 

 much importance to its form this stone must have a good shape and be 

 massive and strong. And if one plants a tree beside it, as is done in most 

 cases, a tree of peculiar shape is chosen for the spot. (See the tree No. 7.) 



The stone No. 5, that stands in the position facing the cascade, hills, 

 and pond, is called Hikaye-ishi (a confronting stone). It must have a hill 

 behind, as in the illustration, and it has another stone near it in the water. 

 This is called Suibon-seki (a stone in the water), which stands one or two 

 inches above the surface, and disappears when the water increases. It is 

 placed only a step's distance from the bank, so as to enable one to pass 

 over easily. 



Teido-seki, No. 6, is a stone looking out over the whole view of hills in 

 the garden to make them harmonious in arrangement. So if the cascade 



