THE AMERICAN GOOSEBERRY-MILDEW IN EUKOPE. 103 



yards was estimated at one-third to one-fourth of the normal yield. The 

 disease, however, up to the present day still occasions a great annual loss, 

 and is now almost certain to appear wherever vines are grown, It is, 

 indeed, only kept in check at the cost of repeated sulphurings ; and 

 almost every week the viticultural journals contain accounts of local 

 outbreaks of mildew, and proposals of fresh means of combating its 

 persistent attacks. 



Fig. 23. — Outline Map of Ireland and Eussia, showing the Areas (rlack 

 squares) affected by the American Gooseberry-mildew. 



Ireland : — 1, Ballymena ; 2, Coleraine ; 3, Antrim ; 4, Killagan ; 5, Castle- 

 dawson ; 6, Nesvtownards ; 7, Athlone ; 8, Foxrock ; 9, Abbeyleix. (Also 

 reported from Lissanoure, Co. Antrim, and Aghadoey, Co. Londonderry.) 



Russia: — 1, Michailowskoje, Podolsk, government of Moscow; 2, Port 

 Kunda, Esthonia ; 3, Riga ; 4, Pskov ; 5, Novgorod ; 6, Kaluga ; 7, Sim- 

 birsk ; 8, Poltava ; 9, Pinsk ; 10, Lomza. (Also reported from Reval, 

 Esthonia.) 



The circumstances attending the first outbreak of the American 

 Gooseberry-mildew and the course the disease has since followed are 

 entirely similar to those of the early stages of the epidemic of the Vine- 

 mildew. From the evidence given below it would appear that the 

 American Gooseberry-mildew was introduced (about the year 1900) into 

 Europe from America. The American origin of the disease is almost 

 certain with regard to the outbreaks in Russia, and it is at least probable 

 that it is the same as regards Ireland. 



I have on previous occasions (see Bibliogr. 1, 2, 3) quoted extracts 



