424 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



It will be noted that these fully resistent types appeared as isolated 

 individuals and bred true at once. 



There was no question of a gradual selection of individuals more and 

 more resistent to the disease ; the resistance was fully fixed from the 

 beginning, and selection merely consisted in finding the resistent individual. 

 It would appear, therefore, that these resistent types are of the nature of 

 "mutations " (de Vries), rather than "slight variations " (Darwin). 



Breeding for Intrinsic Qualities. 

 By W. M. Hays, of Minnesota. 



Professor Hays shows that the value of plants and animals annually 

 produced can be increased 10 per cent, by an outlay of 1 per cent. By 

 carefully growing and testing very large numbers of plants, there will 

 frequently be found one superior individual which will more than repay 

 the cost. As a practical illustration of this, Professor Hays refers to a 

 new race of Wheat raised by himself (No. 163), which has already paid the 

 bill for breeding this and other field crops at the Minnesota Station. In 

 1902 it is estimated that 80,000 acres of this Wheat were grown by the 

 farmers, and they report that it yields a dollar per acre more than the 

 Wheats it is supplanting. The first operation is to secure the best 

 foundation stocks. In some cases the union of certain blood-lines often 

 results in an unusual proportion of superior progeny, but for the most 

 part crosses must be made between those varieties which most nearly 

 approach the desired ideal, and which supplement each other. Since 

 hybrids combine their numerous characteristics in such a multitude of 

 forms, it is necessary to seek from among many thousands that one indi- 

 vidual or small group of plants which shall possess the desired correlation 

 of qualities. Distinguishing marks are useful, but to combine breeding 

 for distinguishing marks with breeding for intrinsic qualities has often 

 defeated whole economic purposes. There is some danger in making a 

 variety uniform or " thoroughbred " in appearance and mongrel in yield. 

 Creating values and scientific work go hand in hand. Scientific research 

 will furnish the laws to make easy and popular the production of wealth. 

 By hybridising we can create new values. By selecting from among large 

 numbers we can segregate the individuals carrying these powers and 

 multiply them for use. Values can be enormously increased at relatively 

 slight expense. To secure these, larger co-operation is required between 

 the State and private individuals. 



Correlation between Different Parts of the Plant. 

 By S. A. Beach, of New York. 



This paper calls attention to the important question of correlation and 

 its practical significance. Professor Beach gives a number of illustrations 

 from his own observations and those of others. E.g., in the Beet, high 

 sugar content is said to be usually associated with a small amount of 

 woody tissue. In grain a high nitrogen content is said to be often 

 correlated with blue- stemmed plants. In Zonal Geraniums the darkest- 

 coloured flowers are said to be nearly always proterandrous and self- 

 sterile, while the paler colours are homogamous and self-fertile. Male 



