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JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



laid off comprehend and contain the view of after-development. Whether 

 the work to be done is small or large, it is necessary to comprehend the 

 whole before a stake is placed in the ground. 



Fig. 165 shows land in the rough, consisting of high and low ground, 

 fenced in the usual wild manner. The 4- marks denote several risings in 

 the land, one of which is selected as the site for the residence or castle. 



The building forms naturally the chief point of observation, and there- 

 fore the views that radiate from it must receive development ; one must 

 show the natural pictures which the land itself possesses, from the point 

 of observation, and study them for development of objects. 



The first work on every piece of land is to learn to locate the salient 

 points. In this rough land (Fig. 165) they are indicated by + for hills, 

 0 for low grounds, suitable sites for main pictures, and □ for a suitable 

 site for the building. Thus three important bases of development are 

 marked — the high and low grounds, and the best building site. 



Fig. 166 shows the results attained from these three salient points of 

 development— fences removed, showing how the land possesses beauties 

 of its own, by the most preliminary work of development. Wherever a 

 line is shown, a picture is possessed by the land ; and by planting the 

 high ground, and enlarging the water, infinite beauty will commence to 

 unfold itself. Of course a large area, say five hundred acres, would be 

 required for such a development. But the same principles can be carried 

 out on a small site of only a few acres. 



By referring to Fig. 166 it will be found that this land, with its seven 

 rising grounds, gives a picture naturally wherever there is a line, and 

 these lines give the sites for developing the various characters of silent 

 life. The water is expanded where the views cross in the greatest 

 abundance, and in front of the house is converted into a small lake, with 

 an island placed so that its boundaries cannot be defined from the house. 



Radiation. 



Radiation is inherent in nature. The flower radiates from the stem, 

 the tree radiates from its roots, the hills radiate from the higher mountains, 

 the ravines from the valleys, and the valleys from the country-side, the 

 rivulets from the brooks, the brooks from the rivers, and the rivers from 

 the oceans. Light radiates from the sun, and mankind sees, breathes, and 

 lives by radiation. Land, water, and life move and have their being in 

 radiation, and mankind receives and gives impressions by the powers of 

 radiation. Fig. 166 shows the important power of development upon the 

 radiation lines of the salient points. By looking over the plan, features 

 of value will be observed. Distance impressions are a part of radiation. 



Radiation sways the direction of the curvature. The excrescence 

 often seen in so-called landscape gardening is caused by the fact that the 

 arranger does not follow the radiation of his scenery in forming the 

 curvature of his landscape. 



Fig. 167 shows a simple outline growing into a multitude of curves 

 harmoniously simple, by the development of its character on its radiation 

 lines. This explains how natural principles sway small as well as large 

 expansions of scenery. 



