746 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



mode of planting the standards are protected by the fillers. However, 

 the general practice favours planting, say, 30 feet apart, and cultivating 

 Tomatos, Potatos, Melons, Beets, Carrots, Strawberries between. 



Plan of Planting. — The two general plans are the hexagonal and the 

 square. The former is the more economical of space, and the trees are 

 more evenly distributed. Then follows an account of the method of 

 laying out land on either plan. In planting ifc is recommended that the 

 trees should be so planted that when the soil about them fully settles 

 they will still be in the ground as deeply as, or, better, 2 or 3 inches deeper 

 than, before removal from the nursery. Then follow thirteen photographs 

 of orchards illustrating badly and well cultivated orchards, also orchard 

 fences.— 0. H. H. 



Apple Tree, Crown Gall. By Wm. B. Alwood (U.S.A. Dep. Agr. 

 Exp. Stn. Virginia, Bull. No. 140, Sept. 1902 ; 11 cuts). — The organism 

 which produces the abnormal growth known as crown gall on the Apple 

 appears to gain entrance to the Apple seedling in the nursery. The 

 diseased seedling can be detected by inspection, the unusual amount of 

 fibrous roots at and below the crown being the characteristic depended 

 upon for recognition of the trouble. Nurserymen can select the seedlings 

 used so as largely to control this trouble. No one could expect entirely to 

 prevent its occurrence in the nursery now that it has become so widely 

 spread. Persons planting fruit trees should reject with the greatest care 

 all trees which show the cancerous growth about the crown, or a 

 sufficiently abnormal development of fibrous roots about the crown to 

 warrant belief that the plants are diseased. Crown gall can apparently 

 be readily inoculated from a diseased plant into healthy ones ; hence 

 diseased plants should not be allowed to remain among healthy ones in an 

 orchard. Cultivating the orchard may serve to spread the disease by 

 carrying diseased tissue from one tree to another, but no definite data can 

 be cited.— M. C. C. 



Apples as Cattle-food (Bee. Sort. p. 560, Dec. 1, 1904).— M. Blin, 

 in the "Journal d'Agriculture Pratique," reports that mixtures of chopped 

 Apples with dry forage form admirable substitutes for root foods, and 

 points out the value of such knowledge in seasons of superabundance. 



C. T. D. 



Apples, Bitter Rot Of. By W. B. Alwood (U.S.A. Dep. Agr. Exp. 

 Sin. Virginia. Nov. 1902 ; four plates). — This account of the bitter rot of 

 Apple (U-lwosporium fructigenum, or, as they prefer to call it, Glomorella 

 rufo-maculans) consists chiefly of a summary of recent researches, and 

 mainly of Messrs. Schrenk and Spaulding's investigations and results, as 

 given in 1902 at the Mississippi Valley Laboratory of the Bureau of Plant 

 Industry. Further confirmation is not given of the production of limb 

 cankers by this parasite, but, on the contrary, the conclusion from this 

 station is : " In no instance have we been able to find the presence of the 

 bitter rot fungus on the limbs or trunks of Apple or Pear" ; and again : 

 " Canker spots on the; limbs of the older Apple trees were found in plenty " ; 

 and further : " In no case were we able by observation to trace the slightest 

 connection between the cankered limbs and the occurrence of rotted 



