266 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Animals, Plant Names from. By H. N. Ellacombe [Gar A. Chron., 

 pp. 257-8, 281-2 ; October 5 and 12, 1912). — A concise and scholarly 

 review of the real and fancied connexions between plants and animals, 

 followed by lists of plant names derived from those of birds and bird 

 life, beasts, fishes, reptiles, molluscs, insects, and crustaceans. — E. A. B. 



Apple, A New Fungus on. By J. W. Roberts (Phytopathology, 

 ii. pp. 263-264 ; Dec. 1912). — A fungus to which the name Phomopsis 

 mali is given was isolated from canker wounds on apple stems, and a 

 description is now published. The author attributes the " canker " 

 on " Yellow Newtown Pippin " to the fungus which also attack sthe 

 leaves and occasionally the fruits. — F. J. C. 



Apple Diseases and their Treatment, Some. By Charles Brooks 

 (U.S.A. Exp. Stn., New Hamp., Bull. 157; April 1912). — The 

 following are described, and remedies given when known : — 



Apple scab, Venturia Pomi, causes spots on fruit and leaves. Fresh 

 apples can be infected from diseased fruits when stored. This disease 

 can be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture, before the 

 leaves unfold, after they have expanded, and thirdly after most of the 

 petals have fallen. If the disease is serious a fourth and fifth spraying 

 are recommended. 



Fruit Spot, Phoma Pomi — causing black spots on the fruit. The 

 tissue of the apple beneath the spot becomes corky. The spots spread 

 in storage. Orchards which have been sprayed for scab three times 

 do not usually require any later sprayings for fruit spot. 



Bitter Pit — the cause is unknown. 



Sooty Blotch and Fly Speck, Leptothyrium Pomi. Causes blotches 

 on the fruit, giving the apple a sooty appearance. The fungus growth 

 is entirely on the surface of the apple. The disease is especially 

 dependent on moist weather, but is readily controlled by spraying. 



Apple Rust, Gymno sporangium spp. This disease has two hosts ; 

 the aecidial stage is on the apple leaf, and the teleutospore stage on the 

 juniper. Spraying is not of much use. The best means of control 

 is to destroy the junipers in the neighbourhood of the orchard. 



Black Rot, Canker and Leaf Spot, Sphaeropsis Malorum. Very 

 common in America. The fruit turns dark brown or black in colour, 

 but remains firm. The disease is primarily a rot of ripe fruit, but 

 may be found on immature fruit. It also attacks the branches, forming 

 cankers. The limbs may be so nearly girdled by the cankers that they 

 die. Disease first makes its appearance on the very young leaves, 

 forming small purple areas, which become yellowish-brown in colour. 

 Spotted leaves fall early. Spraying has proved effective in controlling 

 this disease. The sprays should be applied as for scab. 



Bitter Rot, Glomerella rufomaculans. This produces cankers on 

 the limbs and rot in the fruit, accompanied by bitter taste. It is 

 very destructive in some parts of America. 



Fire Blight — a bacterial disease due to Bacillus amylovorus. This 



